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Fine points and style

B1  ·  Negation

Negative words: nie, nichts

nie, nichts, niemand, nirgends

One negative per clause — German does not stack them, and each positive word has a negative twin.

At a glance

Remember
One negative is enough. Two make a positive.
Form
Er kommt nie pünktlich.immer / nie
Signal words
  • nie
  • niemals
  • nichts
  • niemand
  • nirgends
  • noch nicht
  • nicht mehr
  • gar nicht
Trap
Wrong:Ich habe nicht nichts gesagt.
Right:Ich habe nichts gesagt.

Your turn

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The form

The patterns at a glance

Each row first says when or what the pattern is used for, then gives an example in German.

negation

immer / nieEr kommt nie pünktlich.
etwas / nichtsIch habe nichts gehört.
jemand / niemandNiemand hat angerufen.
schon / noch nichtSie ist noch nicht da.
noch / nicht mehrEr wohnt nicht mehr hier.

The rules one by one

The form this topic is about

  1. One negative per clause — German does not stack them.

    Ich habe niemanden gesehen.I did not see anybody.

  2. niemand declines: niemanden in the accusative, niemandem in the dative.

    Ich habe niemandem davon erzählt.I told nobody about it.

  3. noch nicht is "not yet"; nicht mehr is "not any more".

    Er arbeitet nicht mehr hier, und der Neue hat noch nicht angefangen.He does not work here any more, and the new one has not started yet.

  4. gar and überhaupt strengthen a negative.

    Das hat mir gar nicht gefallen.I did not like that at all.

Example sentences

Ich habe davon nie etwas gehört.I have never heard anything about it.

Es war niemand im Büro.There was nobody in the office.

Der Schlüssel ist nirgends zu finden.The key is nowhere to be found.

Wir haben noch nichts entschieden.We have not decided anything yet.

Das interessiert mich überhaupt nicht.That does not interest me in the slightest.

8 more example sentences

Sie sagt nie etwas dazu.She never says anything about it.

Niemand konnte uns helfen.Nobody could help us.

Ich habe noch nie davon gehört.I have never heard of it before.

Es ist nichts passiert.Nothing happened.

Wir haben nirgendwo einen Platz gefunden.We could not find a seat anywhere.

Er hat mir nichts davon gesagt.He told me nothing about it.

Das kommt gar nicht in Frage.That is out of the question.

Sie ist noch nicht zurück.She is not back yet.

The trap English speakers fall into

Watch out

The negative word already negates the clause, and a nicht beside it either cancels it or simply makes no sense. This comes across from colloquial English, where doubling up is emphasis rather than arithmetic. German reads it as arithmetic: two negatives make a positive, and a listener will hear the sentence as saying you did say something.

Wrong:Ich habe nicht nichts gesagt.
Right:Ich habe nichts gesagt.

The full explanation

Read it all · about 1 min

Beside nicht and kein German has a set of words that are negative in themselves, and each one is the twin of a positive one: immer and nie, etwas and nichts, jemand and niemand, irgendwo and nirgends, schon and noch nicht, noch and nicht mehr.

One negative is enough. Ich habe nichts gesagt, not ich habe nicht nichts gesagt. Where English colloquially doubles up — "I did not say nothing" — German uses the single negative word and adds no nicht beside it.

Two of the pairs are worth extra attention because German uses them constantly and English needs a phrase for both. Noch nicht is "not yet" and nicht mehr is "not any more"; both sit exactly where a plain nicht would sit and are learned as single units.

A closer look

Why nichts and kein are not interchangeable

Nichts is a pronoun and stands alone: ich habe nichts gesehen. Kein is an article and needs a noun after it: ich habe kein Auto gesehen. So the choice is decided by whether a noun follows, not by what is being denied.

The pair does something English needs two constructions for. "I saw nothing" and "I saw no car" are the same shape in English; in German they are two different words with two different grammars, and mixing them produces ich habe nichts Auto gesehen, which is not a sentence at all.

Exceptions and special cases2
  1. Exception

    When the second negative is in a separate clause

    then both stand, and both count: Es gibt niemanden, der das nicht weiß.

    Es gibt niemanden, der das nicht weiß.There is nobody who does not know that.

    Why? Each clause negates on its own, and the sentence genuinely means the double.

  2. Exception

    When the phrase is nicht ohne or nicht un-

    then the double is deliberate and means a cautious yes.

    Das ist nicht uninteressant.That is not uninteresting.

    Why? It is a rhetorical device — understatement rather than an error.

Worth knowing2
  1. Worth knowing

    noch nie is stronger than nie

    Ich war nie in Wien states a fact; ich war noch nie in Wien adds that it has not happened so far and leaves it open. German uses the second far more often, and it is closer to the English present perfect — "I have never been" rather than "I never was".

    Ich war noch nie in Wien.I have never been to Vienna.

  2. Worth knowing

    kein and nichts as answers

    Standing alone as an answer, kein becomes keiner, keine, keins — Hast du noch Kaffee? — Nein, keinen mehr. Nichts does not change at all. It is one more place where the two are grammatically different words rather than two shades of one.

    Hast du Fragen? — Nein, keine.Have you any questions? — No, none.

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