B1 · 情态动词
must、have to 和 need
是谁说必须的?不必又是什么意思?
一目了然
- 记住这句
- must not 是“不准”,do not have to 是“不用”。
- 构成
- I must call her today.内心的要求
- 标志词
- must
- have to
- had to
- need not
- do not have to
- 易错点
- 错误:You must not pay now, you can pay later.正确:You do not have to pay now, you can pay later.
轮到你了
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构成形式
词干(规则) 词干(不规则) 人称词尾
| 内心的要求 | I must call her today. |
| 我必须停下来 | I must stop |
| 你必须停下来 | you must stop |
| 他、她、它必须停下来 | he, she, it must stop |
| 我们必须停下来 | we must stop |
| 你们必须停下来 | you must stop |
| 他们必须停下来 | they must stop |
| 外部的要求 | I have to work on Saturday. |
| 我得工作 | I have to work |
| 你得工作 | you have to work |
| 他、她、它得工作 | he, she, it has to work |
| 我们得工作 | we have to work |
| 你们得工作 | you have to work |
| 他们得工作 | they have to work |
| 禁止 | You must not park here. |
| 不必 | You do not have to come. / You need not come. |
| 过去 | I had to wait an hour. |
规则逐条讲
这个主题讲的形式
must not 表示禁止,do not have to 表示没有必要。
You must not touch it. — You do not have to touch it.你不能碰它。——你不用碰它。
must 的过去和将来用 have to 代替。
We had to change trains twice.我们不得不换了两次车。
must 也可以表示推断:只可能是这样,相当于中文的“一定”。
You have been travelling all day — you must be tired.你奔波了一整天,一定累了。
这种推断的反面不是 must not,而是 cannot,相当于“不可能”。
That cannot be right.这不可能对。
例句
Passengers must show a valid ticket.乘客必须出示有效车票。
You do not have to decide today.您不用今天就做决定。
She had to leave early.她不得不提前离开。
This must be the wrong address.这一定是地址写错了。
再看 6 个例句
I have to be at work by eight.我得在八点前到单位。
You must read this — it is wonderful.你一定要读读这个——太精彩了。
She had to cancel the appointment.她不得不取消了预约。
We do not have to pay in advance.我们不用提前付款。
You must not open this door.这扇门不能打开。
Do I have to bring anything?我需要带什么东西吗?
中文母语者最容易踩的坑
注意
中文的“不必”“不用”表示没有必要。如果把“必须”的否定直接套成 must not,意思就变成了“禁止”。“你不用现在付钱”译成 You must not pay now,就成了“你现在不准付钱”。几乎没有哪个翻译错误能把意思颠倒得这么彻底。表示“不用”,请用 do not have to 或 need not。
详细讲解
阅读全文 · 约 1 分钟
must 和 have to 都是“必须”的意思,但来源不同。must 是说话人自己感到或提出的要求:I must stop smoking(我必须戒烟了)。have to 是来自外部的要求,像中文的“得”“不得不”:I have to wear a helmet at work(上班得戴安全帽)。日常使用中这条界线常常很模糊;但到了否定句,它就变得至关重要。
因为在否定句里,两者的意思正好相反。must not 是“不准、不能”——禁止。do not have to 是“不用、不必”——没有必要。You must not tell him 是禁止你告诉他;You do not have to tell him 是说告不告诉随你。中文本来就把“不能”和“不必”分得很清楚,只要别把“不必须”直接拼成 must not 就行。
must 没有过去时和将来时,要用 have to 代替:had to、will have to。need 有两种用法:作情态动词(need not),或作普通动词(do not need to),意思相同。
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