N2 · Expressions (N2)
におうじて, にともなって: in line with
adjusting to something, and changing along with it
におうじて adjusts something to match a variable; にともなって says that one change brings another with it.
At a glance
- Remember
- におうじて: matched to a variable. にともなって: one change bringing another.
- Form
- 年齢に応じてaccording to age
- Signal words
- 〜に応じて
- 〜に応じた
- 〜に伴って
- 〜に伴い
- 〜に伴う
- Trap
- Wrong:友達に伴って旅行に行った。Right:友達と一緒に旅行に行った。
Your turn
8 exercises on this topic. Your answers are checked in the browser; none of them leaves your device.
The form
The patterns at a glance
Each row first says when or what the pattern is used for, then gives an example in Japanese.
| according to age | 年齢に応じて |
| as needed | 必要に応じて |
| a method suited to the purpose | 目的に応じた方法 |
| along with the population growth | 人口の増加に伴って |
| owing to the construction (written) | 工事に伴い |
| noise caused by the work | 工事に伴う騒音 |
The rules one by one
The form this topic is about
Noun + におうじて: adjusted to match it.
季節に応じてメニューを変えています。We change the menu according to the season.
Noun or verb + にともなって: one change brings another.
円安に伴って、輸入品の値段が上がった。With the weak yen, the prices of imported goods have gone up.
Before a noun: におうじた, にともなう.
利用者の数に応じた料金を払う。You pay a fee according to the number of users.
For a simple "it varies", によって is the everyday choice.
考え方は人によって違う。Ways of thinking differ from person to person.
Example sentences
ご予算に応じて、プランをお選びいただけます。You can choose a plan to suit your budget.
経験に応じて給料が決まります。Pay is set according to experience.
必要に応じて、資料を追加してください。Please add material as needed.
駅の工事に伴い、出口が変更になります。Owing to the work at the station, the exit will be changed.
技術の発達に伴って、仕事の内容も変わってきた。As technology has developed, the nature of work has changed too.
少子化に伴う問題は多い。There are many problems that come with the falling birth rate.
7 more example sentences
体力に応じて、運動の量を調整しましょう。Let's adjust the amount of exercise to your fitness.
お客さまのご希望に応じて、サイズを変えられます。The size can be changed to suit the customer's wishes.
年齢に応じた教育が必要だ。Education suited to each age is needed.
台風の接近に伴い、波が高くなっている。With the typhoon approaching, the waves are getting higher.
会社の移転に伴って、電話番号が変わります。With the company's move, the phone number will change.
高齢化に伴って、医療費が増えている。With the ageing of the population, medical costs are rising.
自由には責任が伴う。Freedom comes with responsibility.
The trap English speakers fall into
Watch out
English "with" covers company and consequence alike, and a learner who finds に伴って glossed as "along with" uses it for travelling companions. But it links two changes or events — something that comes about as a result. Going somewhere with a person is と一緒に.
The full explanation
Read it all · about 1 min
に応じて follows a noun and means "in accordance with", "depending on": the second half is adjusted to fit whatever the noun turns out to be. 年齢に応じて料金が変わる, "the fee varies with age"; 能力に応じて仕事を与える, "give work according to ability". The noun is a quantity or a type that varies: age, ability, need, request, season.
に伴って means "along with", "as a result of": one change brings another with it. 人口の増加に伴って、住宅が不足している, "with the growth in population, housing is in short supply". It follows a noun of change or the dictionary form of a verb — 工事に伴い, 進むに伴って — and belongs to news, reports and official notices.
Before a noun, the forms are に応じた and に伴う: 目的に応じた方法, "a method suited to the purpose"; 工事に伴う騒音, "noise caused by the construction work". In writing, て is often dropped: に応じ, に伴い.
English "depending on" and "with" are both looser than these. Learners translate "depending on" with によって, which is fine for a simple variation (人によって違う), but に応じて adds that the second half is deliberately matched to the first. And に伴って is not "with" in the sense of "together with a person"; that is と一緒に.
A closer look
によって, におうじて, にともなって
によって says only that something varies: 国によって習慣が違う. Nobody adjusted anything; the customs simply differ.
に応じて says that somebody matches the second half to the first on purpose: a shop changes its prices, a teacher adapts the lesson. に伴って says that the first change drags the second with it, without anybody choosing. Asking "did somebody adjust this, or did it just follow?" separates the last two.
Exceptions and special cases (1)
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におうじる is used as a full verb
it means "respond to" or "accept": 質問に応じる, "respond to questions"; 取材に応じる, "agree to an interview".
社長は記者の質問に応じた。The company president answered the reporters' questions.
The verb 応じる means "answer, respond", and "in accordance with" is the same idea seen from the other side — the second half responds to the first.
Worth knowing (1)
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In notices: にともない
Station and shop notices announce changes with に伴い: 改装に伴い、休業いたします, "we will be closed owing to refurbishment". What stands before it is the reason, and what follows is what changes for the reader.
店内改装に伴い、三日間休業いたします。Owing to refurbishment, we will be closed for three days.
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