Japanese verbs: the te-form and the negative
All 169, with the dictionary form, the te-form, the plain negative, the English meaning and an example sentence each — sorted by how the te-form is built, not by the alphabet.
Why sorted like this
Japanese has only two irregular verbs, and they are not what trips learners up. The te-form is: its ending changes sound with the last kana of the verb, so that a verb in -u becomes -tte, one in -mu becomes -nde and one in -ku becomes -ite. These 169 verbs are not 169 separate cases. They fall into six families, and once you have a family you have every verb in it. The negative stands beside the te-form for one reason: it is the only form that shows whether a verb ending in -iru or -eru belongs to the first family or not.
169 verbs.
〜る→〜て
32 verbsThe easiest family and the largest. A る-verb drops its final る and adds て: 食べる becomes 食べて, 見る becomes 見て. The negative works the same way — drop る, add ない — and nothing else in the verb ever moves. Every る-verb ends in -iru or -eru. The reverse is not true, and the group of look-alikes further down this page is the price of that.
| Dictionary form | te-form | Negative | English | Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 食べる | 食べて | 食べない | to eat | N5 |
朝ご飯を食べてから、学校へ行きます。I go to school after I have had breakfast. | ||||
| 見る | 見て | 見ない | to see, to watch | N5 |
昨日の夜、家で映画を見ました。Last night I watched a film at home. | ||||
| 起きる | 起きて | 起きない | to get up, to wake up | N5 |
日曜日はいつも遅く起きます。On Sundays I always get up late. | ||||
| 寝る | 寝て | 寝ない | to go to bed, to sleep | N5 |
明日は早いので、もう寝ます。I have an early start tomorrow, so I am going to bed now. Sounds exactly like 練る "to knead, to work out", which is a う-verb: 寝て but 練って. | ||||
| いる | いて | いない | to be, to exist (people and animals) | N5 |
弟は今、部屋にいません。My younger brother is not in his room at the moment. Written in kana. Its double 要る "to need" is a う-verb: 要らない, not いない. | ||||
| 着る | 着て | 着ない | to put on, to wear (above the waist) | N5 |
寒かったので、セーターを着て出かけました。It was cold, so I put on a jumper and went out. For shoes, socks and trousers Japanese uses a different verb, 履く. | ||||
| 出る | 出て | 出ない | to go out, to leave | N5 |
毎朝8時に家を出ます。I leave the house at eight every morning. The place you leave takes を: 家を出る. | ||||
| 教える | 教えて | 教えない | to teach, to tell | N5 |
駅までの道を教えてください。Could you tell me the way to the station? Also "to tell" for information somebody does not have yet: an address, a phone number, the way. | ||||
| 開ける | 開けて | 開けない | to open (something) | N5 |
暑いですね。窓を開けてもいいですか。It is hot, isn’t it? May I open the window? | ||||
| 閉める | 閉めて | 閉めない | to close (something) | N5 |
部屋を出るときは、ドアを閉めてください。Please close the door when you leave the room. | ||||
| 忘れる | 忘れて | 忘れない | to forget, to leave behind | N5 |
傘を電車に忘れてしまいました。I left my umbrella on the train. | ||||
| 借りる | 借りて | 借りない | to borrow | N5 |
図書館で本を三冊借りました。I borrowed three books from the library. The opposite direction is 貸す "to lend", a う-verb. | ||||
| 降りる | 降りて | 降りない | to get off (a train, a bus) | N5 |
次の駅で電車を降ります。I get off the train at the next station. | ||||
| 浴びる | 浴びて | 浴びない | to take (a shower), to bathe in | N5 |
家に帰って、すぐシャワーを浴びました。I got home and took a shower straight away. | ||||
| できる | できて | できない | to be able to, can | N5 |
兄は料理がまったくできません。My older brother cannot cook at all. What can be done takes が, not を. | ||||
| 見せる | 見せて | 見せない | to show | N4 |
旅行の写真を見せてください。Please show me the photos from your trip. | ||||
| 始める | 始めて | 始めない | to begin, to start (something) | N4 |
時間になりましたので、会議を始めます。It is time, so we will start the meeting. | ||||
| 決める | 決めて | 決めない | to decide | N4 |
夏休みの旅行先はもう決めましたか。Have you decided where to go for the summer holidays yet? | ||||
| 調べる | 調べて | 調べない | to look up, to check, to investigate | N4 |
分からない言葉は辞書で調べてください。Look up the words you do not know in a dictionary. | ||||
| 考える | 考えて | 考えない | to think about, to consider | N4 |
少し考えてから返事をします。I will give you an answer once I have thought about it a little. | ||||
| 答える | 答えて | 答えない | to answer | N4 |
先生の質問に答えられませんでした。I could not answer the teacher’s question. The question takes に: you answer <em>to</em> it. | ||||
| 着替える | 着替えて | 着替えない | to get changed | N4 |
汗をかいたので、服を着替えます。I have been sweating, so I am going to get changed. | ||||
| 疲れる | 疲れて | 疲れない | to get tired | N4 |
一日中歩いて、とても疲れました。I walked all day and got very tired. A change of state: "I am tired" is the past, 疲れました, or 疲れています. | ||||
| 落ちる | 落ちて | 落ちない | to fall, to drop | N4 |
机の上からペンが落ちました。A pen fell off the desk. | ||||
| 信じる | 信じて | 信じない | to believe | N3 |
あんな話を、まだ信じているの?You still believe a story like that? | ||||
| 比べる | 比べて | 比べない | to compare | N3 |
去年と比べて、今年の夏はずっと暑い。Compared with last year, this summer is much hotter. | ||||
| 伝える | 伝えて | 伝えない | to pass on, to convey | N3 |
田中さんに、会議は3時からだと伝えてください。Please tell Mr Tanaka that the meeting starts at three. | ||||
| 諦める | 諦めて | 諦めない | to give up | N3 |
何度失敗しても、彼女は夢を諦めなかった。However often she failed, she did not give up on her dream. | ||||
| 与える | 与えて | 与えない | to give, to cause | N3 |
その事故は町の経済に大きな影響を与えた。The accident had a large effect on the town’s economy. | ||||
| 認める | 認めて | 認めない | to admit, to recognise | N2 |
彼はやっと自分の間違いを認めた。He finally admitted his mistake. | ||||
| 述べる | 述べて | 述べない | to state, to express | N2 |
会議では、全員が自分の意見を述べた。At the meeting, everyone stated their own view. | ||||
| 備える | 備えて | 備えない | to prepare for, to be equipped with | N2 |
地震に備えて、水と食料を用意しておく。We keep water and food ready in case of an earthquake. | ||||
〜う・〜つ・〜る→〜って
32 verbsHere the te-form stops being mechanical. A う-verb ending in う, つ or る swaps that kana for a small っ and て: 買う becomes 買って, 待つ becomes 待って, 作る becomes 作って. The small っ is a held beat before the t, and it is a sound of its own: say it too short and 切って "cut" turns into 着て "wear". Watch the negative of the verbs in う: 買わない, not kaanai — a w that the dictionary form has lost comes back.
| Dictionary form | te-form | Negative | English | Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 買う | 買って | 買わない | to buy | N5 |
コンビニで水を買ってきます。I will just pop to the convenience store for some water. The negative brings back a w: 買わない. | ||||
| 会う | 会って | 会わない | to meet | N5 |
駅の前で友達に会いました。I met a friend in front of the station. The person you meet takes に, not を. | ||||
| 言う | 言って | 言わない | to say | N5 |
すみません、もう一度言ってください。Sorry, could you say that again? Spelled いう and pronounced yuu. The te-form 言って sounds exactly like 行って. | ||||
| 歌う | 歌って | 歌わない | to sing | N5 |
カラオケで好きな歌を歌いました。I sang my favourite songs at karaoke. | ||||
| 洗う | 洗って | 洗わない | to wash | N5 |
食べる前に手を洗ってください。Please wash your hands before you eat. | ||||
| 使う | 使って | 使わない | to use | N5 |
このパソコンを使ってもいいですか。May I use this computer? | ||||
| 習う | 習って | 習わない | to learn (from a teacher), to take lessons | N5 |
子供のころ、水泳を習っていました。I had swimming lessons as a child. | ||||
| 手伝う | 手伝って | 手伝わない | to help | N4 |
引っ越しを手伝ってくれて、ありがとう。Thanks for helping me move house. | ||||
| 思う | 思って | 思わない | to think | N4 |
明日は雨が降ると思います。I think it will rain tomorrow. | ||||
| 払う | 払って | 払わない | to pay | N4 |
カードで払えますか。Can I pay by card? | ||||
| 笑う | 笑って | 笑わない | to laugh, to smile | N4 |
父の冗談に、家族みんなが笑いました。The whole family laughed at my father’s joke. | ||||
| 拾う | 拾って | 拾わない | to pick up | N4 |
道で財布を拾って、交番に届けました。I picked up a wallet in the street and handed it in at the police box. | ||||
| 違う | 違って | 違わない | to differ, to be wrong | N4 |
すみません、電話番号が違っていました。Sorry, the phone number was wrong. A verb where English uses an adjective: "different" is 違う, and "was wrong" is 違っていた. | ||||
| 迷う | 迷って | 迷わない | to get lost, to be unable to decide | N3 |
初めて来た町で、道に迷ってしまった。I got lost in a town I had never been to before. | ||||
| 救う | 救って | 救わない | to save, to rescue | N2 |
その医者はこれまでに多くの命を救ってきた。That doctor has saved a great many lives. | ||||
| 待つ | 待って | 待たない | to wait | N5 |
ここで少し待ってください。Please wait here a moment. The person or thing you wait for takes を: バスを待つ. | ||||
| 持つ | 持って | 持たない | to hold, to carry, to have | N5 |
重そうですね。一つ持ちましょうか。That looks heavy. Shall I carry one? "To have on you" is the progressive: 傘を持っています. | ||||
| 立つ | 立って | 立たない | to stand, to stand up | N5 |
皆さん、立ってください。Everyone, please stand up. | ||||
| 勝つ | 勝って | 勝たない | to win | N4 |
昨日の試合は3対1で勝ちました。We won yesterday’s match three–one. The opponent takes に: 相手に勝つ. | ||||
| 育つ | 育って | 育たない | to grow up | N3 |
私は海の近くの町で育った。I grew up in a town near the sea. | ||||
| 打つ | 打って | 打たない | to hit, to strike | N3 |
転んで頭を打ってしまった。I fell over and hit my head. | ||||
| 分かる | 分かって | 分からない | to understand | N5 |
説明がよく分かりませんでした。I did not really understand the explanation. What is understood takes が. Often written in kana, わかる. | ||||
| 作る | 作って | 作らない | to make | N5 |
母と一緒にケーキを作りました。I made a cake with my mother. | ||||
| 乗る | 乗って | 乗らない | to ride, to get on (a vehicle) | N5 |
毎日バスに乗って会社に行きます。I take the bus to work every day. The vehicle takes に: you get <em>onto</em> it. | ||||
| 終わる | 終わって | 終わらない | to end, to finish | N5 |
授業は3時に終わります。Lessons end at three. | ||||
| 座る | 座って | 座らない | to sit down | N5 |
どうぞ、こちらに座ってください。Please, have a seat here. | ||||
| 送る | 送って | 送らない | to send, to see off | N4 |
写真をメールで送ってください。Please send me the photos by email. | ||||
| 困る | 困って | 困らない | to be in trouble, to be at a loss | N4 |
財布をなくして困っています。I have lost my wallet and do not know what to do. | ||||
| 守る | 守って | 守らない | to protect, to keep (a promise, a rule) | N3 |
一度した約束は必ず守る。Once I have made a promise, I always keep it. | ||||
| 残る | 残って | 残らない | to remain, to be left over | N3 |
仕事が終わらなくて、一人で会社に残った。The work was not finished, so I stayed on at the office alone. | ||||
| 断る | 断って | 断らない | to refuse, to turn down | N3 |
忙しかったので、誘いを断った。I was busy, so I turned down the invitation. | ||||
| 祈る | 祈って | 祈らない | to pray, to wish for | N3 |
試験の合格を祈っています。I hope you pass your exam. | ||||
〜む・〜ぶ・〜ぬ→〜んで
24 verbsThree endings, one sound. む, ぶ and ぬ all become んで: 飲む becomes 飲んで, 遊ぶ becomes 遊んで. Note で and not て — after the n the ending is voiced. Only one everyday verb ends in ぬ, 死ぬ, so in practice the family is む and ぶ. One consequence to know: 読んで "read" and 呼んで "call" sound exactly alike, and only the rest of the sentence tells them apart.
| Dictionary form | te-form | Negative | English | Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 飲む | 飲んで | 飲まない | to drink | N5 |
コーヒーを飲んでから出かけます。I have a coffee before I go out. Also for medicine, where English says "take": 薬を飲む. | ||||
| 読む | 読んで | 読まない | to read | N5 |
電車の中で新聞を読んでいます。I read the newspaper on the train. | ||||
| 住む | 住んで | 住まない | to live (somewhere) | N5 |
姉は大阪に住んでいます。My older sister lives in Osaka. Where somebody lives is almost always 住んでいます; 住みます means "will move to live". | ||||
| 休む | 休んで | 休まない | to rest, to take time off | N5 |
熱があるので、今日は会社を休みます。I have a temperature, so I am taking today off work. | ||||
| 頼む | 頼んで | 頼まない | to ask for, to order | N4 |
レストランでピザを頼みました。I ordered a pizza at the restaurant. | ||||
| 楽しむ | 楽しんで | 楽しまない | to enjoy | N4 |
旅行を楽しんでください。Enjoy your trip. | ||||
| 混む | 混んで | 混まない | to be crowded | N4 |
朝の電車はいつも混んでいます。The morning trains are always crowded. A state, so nearly always 混んでいる. | ||||
| 進む | 進んで | 進まない | to advance, to make progress | N3 |
工事は予定どおりに進んでいる。The building work is going to plan. | ||||
| 悩む | 悩んで | 悩まない | to agonise, to be unable to decide | N3 |
進学するか就職するか、まだ悩んでいる。I still cannot decide whether to go on studying or find a job. | ||||
| 包む | 包んで | 包まない | to wrap | N3 |
プレゼントをきれいな紙で包んだ。I wrapped the present in pretty paper. | ||||
| 盗む | 盗んで | 盗まない | to steal | N3 |
駅に止めておいた自転車を盗まれた。The bicycle I had left at the station was stolen. | ||||
| 望む | 望んで | 望まない | to hope for, to wish | N2 |
多くの人が平和を望んでいる。Many people long for peace. | ||||
| 遊ぶ | 遊んで | 遊ばない | to play, to spend time with friends | N5 |
週末は子供と公園で遊びました。At the weekend I played in the park with my children. Not for sport or instruments — those have verbs of their own. Adults 遊ぶ too: it means going out together. | ||||
| 呼ぶ | 呼んで | 呼ばない | to call | N4 |
タクシーを呼んでもらえますか。Could you call me a taxi? The te-form sounds exactly like that of 読む. | ||||
| 飛ぶ | 飛んで | 飛ばない | to fly, to jump | N5 |
鳥が空を飛んでいます。Birds are flying in the sky. The air flown through takes を, like a road walked along. | ||||
| 並ぶ | 並んで | 並ばない | to line up, to queue | N4 |
人気の店なので、一時間並びました。It is a popular place, so we queued for an hour. | ||||
| 運ぶ | 運んで | 運ばない | to carry | N4 |
この箱を二階に運んでください。Please carry this box upstairs. | ||||
| 選ぶ | 選んで | 選ばない | to choose | N4 |
好きな色を選んでください。Choose whichever colour you like. | ||||
| 喜ぶ | 喜んで | 喜ばない | to be glad, to be pleased | N4 |
母は誕生日のプレゼントをとても喜んでくれました。My mother was delighted with her birthday present. | ||||
| 学ぶ | 学んで | 学ばない | to learn, to study | N3 |
留学して、多くのことを学んだ。I learnt a great deal from studying abroad. | ||||
| 結ぶ | 結んで | 結ばない | to tie, to link | N3 |
走る前に、靴のひもをしっかり結んだ。Before running I tied my shoelaces tightly. | ||||
| 浮かぶ | 浮かんで | 浮かばない | to float, to come to mind | N3 |
散歩をしていたら、いいアイデアが浮かんだ。A good idea came to me while I was out for a walk. | ||||
| 叫ぶ | 叫んで | 叫ばない | to shout | N2 |
「危ない!」と誰かが叫んだ。“Look out!” somebody shouted. | ||||
| 死ぬ | 死んで | 死なない | to die | N4 |
長く飼っていた犬が、去年死んでしまいました。The dog we had had for years died last year. The only everyday verb in ぬ. Of a person, politeness asks for 亡くなる instead. | ||||
〜く→〜いて
21 verbsく becomes いて: 書く becomes 書いて, 聞く becomes 聞いて. The k drops out and leaves its vowel behind. A large family and a regular one, with a single famous exception: 行く goes 行って, and it is listed with the verbs on their own at the bottom of the page.
| Dictionary form | te-form | Negative | English | Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 書く | 書いて | 書かない | to write | N5 |
ここに名前を書いてください。Please write your name here. | ||||
| 聞く | 聞いて | 聞かない | to listen, to hear, to ask | N5 |
毎晩、音楽を聞いてから寝ます。Every night I listen to music before I go to sleep. Also "to ask": 先生に聞く, ask the teacher. | ||||
| 歩く | 歩いて | 歩かない | to walk | N5 |
いい天気なので、駅まで歩いて行きましょう。It is a lovely day, so let us walk to the station. | ||||
| 働く | 働いて | 働かない | to work | N5 |
父は銀行で働いています。My father works at a bank. The workplace takes で: it is where the activity happens. | ||||
| 履く | 履いて | 履かない | to put on, to wear (shoes, trousers) | N5 |
靴を履いたまま入らないでください。Please do not come in with your shoes on. Everything below the waist: shoes, socks, trousers, skirts. Above it, 着る. | ||||
| 引く | 引いて | 引かない | to pull, to catch (a cold) | N5 |
風邪を引いて、学校を休みました。I caught a cold and stayed off school. | ||||
| 置く | 置いて | 置かない | to put, to place | N4 |
鍵はテーブルの上に置いてあります。The key has been left on the table. After a te-form it means "do in advance": 買っておく, buy ahead of time. | ||||
| 着く | 着いて | 着かない | to arrive | N4 |
空港に着いたら、電話してください。Please ring me when you get to the airport. Same kanji as 着る "to wear", different verb and different group. | ||||
| 泣く | 泣いて | 泣かない | to cry | N4 |
映画の最後で泣いてしまいました。I cried at the end of the film. | ||||
| 弾く | 弾いて | 弾かない | to play (a string or keyboard instrument) | N4 |
妹は毎日ピアノを弾いています。My younger sister plays the piano every day. Same sound as 引く "to pull". Wind instruments are 吹く. | ||||
| 焼く | 焼いて | 焼かない | to grill, to bake, to burn | N4 |
庭で肉を焼いて食べました。We grilled some meat in the garden and ate it. | ||||
| 動く | 動いて | 動かない | to move, to work (of a machine) | N4 |
パソコンが急に動かなくなりました。My computer suddenly stopped working. | ||||
| 吹く | 吹いて | 吹かない | to blow (of wind), to play (a wind instrument) | N4 |
今日は朝から強い風が吹いています。A strong wind has been blowing since this morning. | ||||
| 磨く | 磨いて | 磨かない | to brush (teeth), to polish | N4 |
寝る前に歯を磨きます。I brush my teeth before going to bed. | ||||
| 驚く | 驚いて | 驚かない | to be surprised | N3 |
彼女が結婚すると聞いて、驚いた。I was surprised to hear that she was getting married. | ||||
| 乾く | 乾いて | 乾かない | to dry, to get dry | N3 |
しばらく雨が降っていないので、庭の土が乾いている。It has not rained for a while, so the soil in the garden is dry. "I am thirsty" is のどが渇いた: same sound, a different kanji. | ||||
| 届く | 届いて | 届かない | to arrive, to reach | N3 |
昨日注文した本が、もう届いた。The book I ordered yesterday has already arrived. | ||||
| 叩く | 叩いて | 叩かない | to hit, to knock | N3 |
誰かがドアを叩いている。Somebody is knocking at the door. | ||||
| 招く | 招いて | 招かない | to invite, to bring about | N2 |
彼の一言が、大きな誤解を招いた。One remark of his led to a serious misunderstanding. | ||||
| 輝く | 輝いて | 輝かない | to shine, to sparkle | N2 |
夜空に星が輝いている。Stars are shining in the night sky. | ||||
| いただく | いただいて | いただかない | to receive (humble), to eat (humble) | N4 |
先生から手紙をいただきました。I received a letter from my teacher. The humble verb for receiving from somebody above you — and the いただきます said before a meal. | ||||
〜ぐ→〜いで
11 verbsThe voiced twin of the family above. ぐ becomes いで: 泳ぐ becomes 泳いで. Whoever has 書いて has this one too — the g drops out in the same way and leaves its voice on the ending. It is a small family, and the only one besides んで whose te-form ends in で.
| Dictionary form | te-form | Negative | English | Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 泳ぐ | 泳いで | 泳がない | to swim | N5 |
夏は毎週プールで泳いでいます。In summer I swim at the pool every week. | ||||
| 脱ぐ | 脱いで | 脱がない | to take off (clothes, shoes) | N4 |
ここで靴を脱いでください。Please take your shoes off here. One verb for taking off everything, where putting on needs 着る, 履く or かぶる. | ||||
| 急ぐ | 急いで | 急がない | to hurry | N4 |
時間がないので、急いでください。We are short of time, so please hurry. The te-form on its own works as an adverb: 急いで食べる, eat in a hurry. | ||||
| 騒ぐ | 騒いで | 騒がない | to make a noise, to make a fuss | N4 |
図書館の中で騒がないでください。Please do not make a noise in the library. | ||||
| 稼ぐ | 稼いで | 稼がない | to earn | N3 |
学費を稼ぐために、アルバイトをしている。I have a part-time job to earn my tuition fees. | ||||
| 防ぐ | 防いで | 防がない | to prevent | N3 |
こまめに手を洗えば、風邪はかなり防げる。Washing your hands often prevents a good many colds. | ||||
| 注ぐ | 注いで | 注がない | to pour | N2 |
温かいお茶をカップに注いだ。I poured hot tea into the cup. | ||||
| 嗅ぐ | 嗅いで | 嗅がない | to smell, to sniff | N2 |
犬がしきりに地面のにおいを嗅いでいる。The dog keeps sniffing at the ground. | ||||
| つなぐ | つないで | つながない | to connect, to hold (hands) | N3 |
子供と手をつないで道を渡った。I crossed the road holding my child’s hand. Usually written in kana. | ||||
| 継ぐ | 継いで | 継がない | to take over, to succeed to | N2 |
兄が父の店を継ぐことになった。It has been settled that my older brother will take over our father’s shop. | ||||
| 和らぐ | 和らいで | 和らがない | to ease, to soften | N2 |
薬を飲んだら、痛みが少し和らいだ。After I took the medicine, the pain eased a little. | ||||
〜す→〜して
18 verbsす becomes して: 話す becomes 話して. Of all the う-verb families this is the easiest, because the te-form is simply the ます-stem plus て — 話します, 話して — exactly as with a る-verb, and no sound changes. The negative keeps the s: 話さない.
| Dictionary form | te-form | Negative | English | Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 話す | 話して | 話さない | to speak, to talk | N5 |
日本語でゆっくり話してください。Please speak slowly in Japanese. A language takes で: you speak <em>in</em> it. | ||||
| 貸す | 貸して | 貸さない | to lend | N5 |
ペンを貸してくれませんか。Could you lend me a pen? | ||||
| 消す | 消して | 消さない | to turn off, to rub out | N5 |
テレビを消してもいいですか。May I turn the television off? | ||||
| 出す | 出して | 出さない | to take out, to hand in, to send | N5 |
明日までにレポートを出してください。Please hand in your report by tomorrow. Same kanji as the る-verb 出る "to go out": 出して but 出て. | ||||
| 押す | 押して | 押さない | to push, to press | N5 |
このボタンを押してください。Please press this button. | ||||
| 返す | 返して | 返さない | to give back, to return | N4 |
借りた本を図書館に返しました。I took the books I had borrowed back to the library. | ||||
| 探す | 探して | 探さない | to look for | N4 |
さっきから眼鏡を探しています。I have been looking for my glasses for a while now. | ||||
| 渡す | 渡して | 渡さない | to hand over | N4 |
この書類を課長に渡してください。Please give these papers to the section manager. | ||||
| 直す | 直して | 直さない | to fix, to correct | N4 |
壊れた椅子を自分で直しました。I fixed the broken chair myself. | ||||
| 落とす | 落として | 落とさない | to drop, to lose | N4 |
スマホを落として、画面が割れてしまいました。I dropped my phone and cracked the screen. | ||||
| 起こす | 起こして | 起こさない | to wake (somebody), to cause | N4 |
明日の朝、7時に起こしてください。Please wake me at seven tomorrow morning. The partner of 起きる: you 起きる yourself and 起こす somebody else. | ||||
| 思い出す | 思い出して | 思い出さない | to remember, to recall | N4 |
この歌を聞くと、高校時代を思い出します。This song always takes me back to my school days. A compound conjugates on its last verb, so it belongs to the family of 出す. | ||||
| 増やす | 増やして | 増やさない | to increase (something) | N3 |
健康のために、野菜を食べる量を増やした。For the sake of my health I have started eating more vegetables. | ||||
| 冷やす | 冷やして | 冷やさない | to chill, to cool | N3 |
ビールを冷蔵庫で冷やしておいた。I put the beer in the fridge to chill. | ||||
| 隠す | 隠して | 隠さない | to hide (something) | N3 |
弟はテストの点数を親に隠していた。My younger brother had been hiding his test score from our parents. | ||||
| 許す | 許して | 許さない | to forgive, to permit | N3 |
うそをついたことを、母はなかなか許してくれなかった。My mother took a long time to forgive me for lying. | ||||
| 示す | 示して | 示さない | to show, to indicate | N2 |
この表は、売り上げの変化を示している。This table shows how sales have changed. | ||||
| 果たす | 果たして | 果たさない | to fulfil, to carry out | N2 |
彼はリーダーとしての責任を果たした。He fulfilled his responsibilities as leader. | ||||
The look-alikes
21 verbsThe trap on this page, and the one English speakers fall into most. A verb ending in -iru or -eru is usually a る-verb, so 帰る looks like 食べる — and is not. It is a う-verb: 帰って, 帰らない, never kaete or kaenai. Nothing in the dictionary form gives these verbs away; the negative does, which is why it stands in the third column. The only fix is to learn them as a list, and several come in pairs with a る-verb that sounds the same: 切る and 着る, 帰る and 変える, 要る and いる, 練る and 寝る.
| Dictionary form | te-form | Negative | English | Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 帰る | 帰って | 帰らない | to go home, to return | N5 |
今日は早く帰って休みます。Today I am going home early to rest. Not to be confused with the る-verb 変える "to change": 変えて, 変えない. | ||||
| 入る | 入って | 入らない | to enter, to go in | N5 |
部屋に入ってもいいですか。May I come into the room? The place entered takes に. Bathing is お風呂に入る. | ||||
| 走る | 走って | 走らない | to run | N5 |
遅れそうだったので、駅まで走りました。I was about to be late, so I ran to the station. | ||||
| 知る | 知って | 知らない | to get to know, to know | N4 |
この店を知っていますか。Do you know this shop? "I know" is 知っています, but "I don’t know" is 知りません — never 知っていません. | ||||
| 切る | 切って | 切らない | to cut | N5 |
包丁で野菜を切ってください。Please cut the vegetables with the kitchen knife. Its double is 着る "to wear": 切って but 着て, and only the small っ tells them apart. | ||||
| 要る | 要って | 要らない | to need, to be needed | N4 |
海外旅行にはパスポートが要ります。You need a passport to travel abroad. Sounds like いる "to be", which is a る-verb: 要らない "not needed", いない "not here". | ||||
| 参る | 参って | 参らない | to go, to come (humble) | N3 |
すぐに参りますので、少々お待ちください。I will be with you right away; please wait a moment. The humble verb for one’s own coming and going, heard in shops and offices. | ||||
| 限る | 限って | 限らない | to limit, to restrict | N3 |
この割引は学生に限ります。This discount is for students only. The negative is a pattern of its own: 〜とは限らない, "not necessarily". | ||||
| 握る | 握って | 握らない | to grip, to grasp | N3 |
子供が私の手をぎゅっと握った。The child squeezed my hand tightly. | ||||
| 減る | 減って | 減らない | to decrease, to go down | N3 |
最近、体重が少し減った。I have lost a little weight recently. Its partner 減らす "to reduce" is a う-verb as well. | ||||
| 滑る | 滑って | 滑らない | to slip, to slide | N3 |
雪の日は道が滑って危ない。On snowy days the roads are slippery and dangerous. | ||||
| しゃべる | しゃべって | しゃべらない | to chat, to talk | N3 |
授業中に友達としゃべっていて、先生に注意された。I was chatting with a friend in class and got told off by the teacher. Casual; usually written in kana. | ||||
| 蹴る | 蹴って | 蹴らない | to kick | N3 |
子供たちが公園でボールを蹴っている。The children are kicking a ball about in the park. | ||||
| 散る | 散って | 散らない | to fall (of petals and leaves), to scatter | N2 |
昨夜の風で、桜がほとんど散ってしまった。Last night’s wind has brought down nearly all the cherry blossom. | ||||
| 照る | 照って | 照らない | to shine (of the sun) | N2 |
朝から日が照っていて、とても暑い。The sun has been beating down since morning and it is very hot. | ||||
| 焦る | 焦って | 焦らない | to be in a rush, to get flustered | N2 |
締め切りが近いので、少し焦っている。The deadline is close, so I am getting a bit flustered. Often as advice in the negative: 焦らないで, take your time. | ||||
| 湿る | 湿って | 湿らない | to get damp | N2 |
雨で洗濯物が湿ってしまった。The rain has left the washing damp. Its double is the る-verb 閉める "to close": 湿って but 閉めて. | ||||
| 茂る | 茂って | 茂らない | to grow thick (of plants) | N2 |
夏になると、山の木がよく茂る。In summer the trees on the hills grow thick with leaves. | ||||
| 遮る | 遮って | 遮らない | to interrupt, to block | N2 |
彼は私の話を遮って、反対した。He cut me off and objected. | ||||
| 練る | 練って | 練らない | to knead, to work out (a plan) | N2 |
旅行の計画をじっくり練った。We worked out the travel plans with great care. Its double is the る-verb 寝る "to sleep": 練って but 寝て. | ||||
| 混じる | 混じって | 混じらない | to be mixed in, to mingle | N2 |
彼の日本語には、少し関西弁が混じっている。His Japanese has a little Kansai dialect mixed in. Ends in -jiru like the る-verb 信じる, and conjugates like 帰る. | ||||
On their own
10 verbsJapanese has remarkably few of these. する and 来る are irregular in every form, and 来る changes its vowel each time: 来て, 来ない. 行く is a regular く-verb except in the te-form and the past, where it takes って. ある has no negative of its own — it is plain ない. And four honorific verbs, いらっしゃる, くださる, なさる and おっしゃる, have regular te-forms but lose their r before ます: いらっしゃいます, never irassharimasu. Every noun-plus-する verb, such as 勉強する, conjugates exactly like する; and 問う is the rare verb that keeps its う before て.
| Dictionary form | te-form | Negative | English | Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| する | して | しない | to do | N5 |
週末は何をしますか。What are you doing at the weekend? Irregular, but its te-form is the same して as that of the す-verbs. | ||||
| 勉強する | 勉強して | 勉強しない | to study | N5 |
毎晩一時間、日本語を勉強しています。I study Japanese for an hour every evening. Stands for hundreds: any noun plus する conjugates exactly like する. | ||||
| 来る | 来て | 来ない | to come | N5 |
明日、友達が家に来ます。A friend is coming to my house tomorrow. Three forms, three vowels: kuru, kite, konai. The kanji stays the same and the furigana do the work. | ||||
| 行く | 行って | 行かない | to go | N5 |
昨日、友達と海に行って泳ぎました。Yesterday I went to the sea with friends and had a swim. A く-verb, so by the rule iite — but it is 行って. The negative 行かない is regular. | ||||
| ある | あって | ない | to be, to exist (things) | N5 |
近くにコンビニはありますか。Is there a convenience store nearby? For things and plants; people and animals take いる. The negative is plain ない — there is no aranai. | ||||
| いらっしゃる | いらっしゃって | いらっしゃらない | to be, to come, to go (honorific) | N4 |
先生は今、研究室にいらっしゃいます。The professor is in the office at the moment. The ます-form drops the r: いらっしゃいます. | ||||
| くださる | くださって | くださらない | to give (to me, honorific) | N4 |
部長が旅行のお土産をくださいました。The head of department gave us some souvenirs from the trip. The ます-form drops the r: くださいます — and its imperative is the ください of every request. | ||||
| なさる | なさって | なさらない | to do (honorific) | N4 |
どんなスポーツをなさいますか。What sport do you play? The ます-form drops the r: なさいます. | ||||
| おっしゃる | おっしゃって | おっしゃらない | to say (honorific) | N4 |
社長がそうおっしゃっていました。That is what the company president said. The ます-form drops the r: おっしゃいます. | ||||
| 問う | 問うて | 問わない | to ask, to question, to call to account | N2 |
この仕事は経験を問わず、誰でも応募できる。Anyone can apply for this job, regardless of experience. An う-verb whose te-form keeps its う: 問うて rather than totte. Rare in speech; far more common is 問わず, "regardless of". | ||||
Practise the te-form and the negative
One dictionary form, two missing forms. Kanji or kana both count, and spaces are forgiven, not penalised.