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EveryLingua

B1

Fortgeschritten

Auf B1 hört das Sprechen auf, aus einzelnen Sätzen zu bestehen. Eine Meinung wird begründet, eine Geschichte hat einen Anfang und ein Ende, ein Missverständnis lässt sich aufklären, ohne dass jemand hilft.

Fehler passieren weiter, aber sie stören das Verstehen nicht mehr. Das ist die Stufe, ab der eine Sprache im Beruf brauchbar wird.

Noch ohne Familie38

The present tense

1

B1When only the spelling changesEnglish adds a k in panicking for exactly this reason.

The noun

6

B1Words that look like one thing and are anotherA closed list, exactly like man and men.B1The endings that set the toneEnglish says a little house; Italian changes the word.B1When the gender is the meaningThe same word, two articles, two things.B1Compound nounsA wine glass and a glass of wine — that is the whole distinction.B1When many count as oneBoth English instincts push the wrong way here.B1Job titles in the feminineEnglish is dropping these; Italian is building them.

The pronouns

3

B1The indirect objectWhich set applies is decided by the Italian verb, not the English one.B1ne and ciEnglish leaves the slot empty; Italian may not.B1When two of them meetGive it to me becomes give to-me it.

Questions and negation

1

B1A question inside a sentenceYou already undo the inversion; the congiuntivo is the new part.

The past

1

B1What happened before the pastEnglish says « had » once; here it is two decisions.

The future

3

B1The condizionaleThe same stems, other endings — and most of the politeness.B1Which future fitsThree boxes here, and four English things to put in them.B1The future after quando and seThe one rule English does not merely avoid but forbids.

Asking and telling

1

B1Where the pronoun jumpsIt welds itself on the back — and then a letter doubles.

Can, must, want

5

B1bisogna and ci vuoleThree sentences with no subject where English insists on one.B1Modal verbs in the past« Must » has no past in English; here the past picks its own auxiliary.B1Not having to and not being allowed to« Mustn't » and « needn't » — you make this distinction already.B1dovere for a guess« Must be » — the same double duty English gives to must.B1Advising and recommending« Should » and « you'd better », with the same threat inside.

The little words

2

B1Which verb wants which prepositionThe preposition is part of the verb, and it is not the English one.B1The preposition that hangs on the wordAnd it can never be left at the end of the sentence.

Verbs with si

2

B1The impersonal siEnglish has four ways to avoid naming anybody; here there is one.B1When two people do the same thing to each other« Each other » and « themselves » are one form here.

The passive

2

B1The passive with essereThe participle agrees, like an adjective.B1The passive with siThe verb follows the thing, not the sign-writer.

The congiuntivo

3

B1The formsThe final vowels change sides.B1The triggersA list, not a feeling — and « that » cannot be dropped in front of it.B1How to get round itSame subject, no clause and no form to build.

If-sentences

1

B1When it is only imagined« If I were » extended to every verb in the language.

Joining sentences

1

B1Which conjunction wants which moodEverything in -ché but perché takes the congiuntivo.

Reported speech

2

B1Passing on a statementWithout quotation marks — and without dropping « that ».B1Passing on a request or an order« He told me to wait » — the same shape, with di instead of « to ».

What follows a verb

4

B1The infinitive with aThe verbs of starting, learning and managing.B1The infinitive with diThe biggest group — and where most English -ing verbs land.B1Verbs that take both a and diThe same verb twice, and the preposition is half the meaning.B1Adjective and noun before an infinitive« Easy to read » and « it is easy to read » are two constructions here.