C2 · 50 words
Physical metallurgy in Spanish
Microstructure, alloys, heat treatment and testing — why a metal is as hard, as tough or as brittle as it is.
La tenacidad a la fractura importa cuando ya hay una grieta: fracture toughness matters once a crack is already there. Toughness — not tenacity, and the false friend is the whole point. English owns both words and gave them different jobs: « toughness » is the property of the material, how much energy it absorbs before it breaks, and « tenacity » is a quality of people, the refusal to let go. Spanish uses la tenacidad for both, so la tenacidad del acero and la tenacidad de un negociador are the same noun. No metallurgist writing English would say « the tenacity of the steel », and that is the sentence a Spanish speaker writes first.
The words
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Phrase (37)
la metalurgia físicathe branch that explains a property by the structure behind itPhraseC2
La metalurgia física explica la propiedad por la estructura.Physical metallurgy explains the property by the structure.
el tamaño de granothe size of the crystals, where finer means strongerPhraseC2
El tamaño de grano fino aumenta la resistencia.A fine grain size increases the strength.
el límite de granothe wall between two crystals, which stops a defect movingPhraseC2
El límite de grano frena el movimiento de la dislocación.The grain boundary stops the dislocation moving.
la solución sólidathe alloying atom dissolved in the lattice, which stiffens it by distortionPhraseC2
La solución sólida endurece por distorsión de la red.A solid solution hardens by distorting the lattice.
la fase precipitadathe second phase thrown out of solution, which blocks the slippingPhraseC2
La fase precipitada bloquea el deslizamiento.The precipitated phase blocks the slip.
el diagrama de equilibriothe map of which phase exists at which temperaturePhraseC2
El diagrama de equilibrio dice qué fase existe a cada temperatura.The equilibrium diagram says which phase exists at each temperature.
la transformación alotrópicathe change of lattice that leaves the element itself alonePhraseC2
La transformación alotrópica cambia la red sin cambiar el elemento.An allotropic transformation changes the lattice without changing the element.
el enfriamiento severo en aguathe sudden quench in water, which leaves the part hard and brittlePhraseC2
El enfriamiento severo en agua deja la pieza dura y frágil.A severe quench in water leaves the part hard and brittle.
el recocido de ablandamientothe slow anneal that wipes out everything done to the part beforePhraseC2
El recocido de ablandamiento borra la historia mecánica de la pieza.A softening anneal wipes out the mechanical history of the part.
la deformación en fríothe working done cold, which hardens and takes the stretch outPhraseC2
La deformación en frío endurece y reduce la ductilidad.Cold working hardens and reduces the ductility.
la recristalización del metalthe new grains grown on heating, which undo that hardeningPhraseC2
La recristalización del metal borra el endurecimiento por trabajo.Recrystallisation of the metal wipes out the work hardening.
el límite elásticothe stress at which the metal stops springing backPhraseC2
El límite elástico marca dónde deja de recuperar la forma.The yield point marks where it stops recovering its shape.
la resistencia a la tracciónthe highest stress on the curve, before it starts to neckPhraseC2
La resistencia a la tracción es el punto más alto de la curva.The tensile strength is the highest point of the curve.
el alargamiento a la roturahow far it stretches before it partsPhraseC2
El alargamiento a la rotura mide cuánto estira antes de partirse.The elongation at break measures how far it stretches before parting.
la dureza superficialthe surface hardness, measured with a point and a known weightPhraseC2
La dureza superficial se mide con una punta y una carga.Surface hardness is measured with a point and a load.
la tenacidad a la fracturathe resistance to a crack that is already therePhraseC2
La tenacidad a la fractura importa cuando ya hay una grieta.Fracture toughness matters once there is already a crack.
el ensayo de impactothe swing test for brittleness, run at several temperaturesPhraseC2
El ensayo de impacto se hace a varias temperaturas.The impact test is run at several temperatures.
la temperatura de transición dúctil-frágilthe temperature below which a steel stops bending and starts snappingPhraseC2
La temperatura de transición dúctil-frágil explicó varios naufragios.The ductile-to-brittle transition temperature explained several shipwrecks.
la fatiga por ciclosthe failure under repeated load, well below the yield stressPhraseC2
La fatiga por ciclos rompe muy por debajo del límite elástico.Cyclic fatigue breaks well below the yield point.
el límite de fatigathe stress below which that never happens, which not every metal hasPhraseC2
El límite de fatiga no existe en todos los metales.The fatigue limit does not exist in every metal.
la fluencia a alta temperaturathe slow stretching under a constant load when it is hotPhraseC2
La fluencia a alta temperatura deforma bajo carga constante.Creep at high temperature deforms under a constant load.
la corrosión galvánicathe corrosion of whichever of two touching metals is the less noblePhraseC2
La corrosión galvánica ataca al metal menos noble.Galvanic corrosion attacks the less noble metal.
la corrosión por picadurathe corrosion that drills through without thinning the partPhraseC2
La corrosión por picadura perfora sin adelgazar la pieza.Pitting corrosion perforates without thinning the part.
la corrosión bajo tensiónthe cracking that needs a load and a medium togetherPhraseC2
La corrosión bajo tensión necesita carga y medio a la vez.Stress corrosion cracking needs a load and a medium at once.
la protección catódicathe protection bought by letting a block of zinc go firstPhraseC2
La protección catódica sacrifica un ánodo de zinc.Cathodic protection sacrifices a zinc anode.
la fundición gristhe cast iron whose graphite flakes damp vibrationPhraseC2
La fundición gris amortigua bien la vibración.Grey cast iron damps vibration well.
el acero inoxidable austeníticothe stainless steel that is not magneticPhraseC2
El acero inoxidable austenítico no es magnético.Austenitic stainless steel is not magnetic.
la aleación ligerathe light alloy, which trades weight against stiffnessPhraseC2
La aleación ligera cambia peso por rigidez.A light alloy trades weight for stiffness.
la colada continuathe continuous casting that replaced the ingotPhraseC2
La colada continua sustituyó al lingote.Continuous casting replaced the ingot.
la segregación en la coladathe impurities pushed to the centre as the cast freezesPhraseC2
La segregación en la colada concentra impurezas en el centro.Segregation in the cast concentrates impurities in the centre.
la porosidad de la piezathe voids left inside, found by radiographyPhraseC2
La porosidad de la pieza se detecta por radiografía.Porosity in the part is detected by radiography.
la laminación en calientethe rolling done hot, which leaves scale on the surfacePhraseC2
La laminación en caliente deja una superficie con cascarilla.Hot rolling leaves a surface with scale on it.
la extrusión del perfilthe pushing through a die, which allows awkward sectionsPhraseC2
La extrusión del perfil permite secciones complicadas.Extrusion of the section allows complicated shapes.
la forja librethe open forging, which lays the grain along the shapePhraseC2
La forja libre orienta la fibra del material.Open-die forging orients the grain flow of the material.
la inspección por ultrasonidosthe ultrasonic inspection, which finds what is insidePhraseC2
La inspección por ultrasonidos encuentra el defecto interno.Ultrasonic inspection finds the internal defect.
la inspección por líquidos penetrantesthe dye inspection, which shows the cracks that reach the surfacePhraseC2
La inspección por líquidos penetrantes revela grietas abiertas.Dye penetrant inspection reveals cracks that are open.
el análisis de fallothe investigation that starts by looking at the broken facePhraseC2
El análisis de fallo empieza mirando la superficie de rotura.Failure analysis begins by looking at the fracture surface.
Noun (f) (11)
la microestructurathe structure under the microscope, which decides more than the recipe doesNoun (f)C2
La microestructura decide más que la composición.The microstructure decides more than the composition.
la dislocaciónthe line defect whose movement is what lets metal bend instead of snapNoun (f)C2
La dislocación es lo que permite deformar sin romper.The dislocation is what makes it possible to deform without breaking.
la austenitathe high-temperature phase of steel, which does not survive cooling slowlyNoun (f)C2
La austenita solo existe por encima de cierta temperatura.Austenite exists only above a certain temperature.
la ferritathe soft phase, which takes almost no carbonNoun (f)C2
La ferrita es blanda y admite poco carbono.Ferrite is soft and takes little carbon.
la martensitathe hard phase that appears when the cooling is suddenNoun (f)C2
La martensita se forma al enfriar de golpe.Martensite forms when the cooling is sudden.
la templabilidadhow deep into the part the hardening actually reachesNoun (f)C2
La templabilidad dice hasta qué profundidad endurece.Hardenability says how deep the hardening reaches.
la cementaciónthe carbon soaked into the surface, leaving the core softNoun (f)C2
La cementación endurece solo la superficie.Carburising hardens the surface only.
la nitruraciónthe nitrogen treatment, which distorts the part less than quenchingNoun (f)C2
La nitruración deforma menos que el temple.Nitriding distorts less than quenching.
la pasivaciónthe film a metal grows on itself that stops the attackNoun (f)C2
La pasivación forma una capa que protege sola.Passivation forms a layer that protects by itself.
la pulvimetalurgiathe powder route, which sinters instead of meltingNoun (f)C2
La pulvimetalurgia sinteriza en lugar de fundir.Powder metallurgy sinters instead of melting.
la metalografíathe polishing, etching and photographing of a sectionNoun (f)C2
La metalografía pule, ataca y fotografía.Metallography polishes, etches and photographs.
Noun (m) (2)
el revenidothe reheating afterwards, which gives some of the toughness backNoun (m)C2
El revenido devuelve algo de tenacidad.Tempering gives back some of the toughness.
el normalizadothe treatment that evens out the grainNoun (m)C2
El normalizado uniformiza el grano.Normalising evens out the grain.
This list belongs to Technology and industry — 26 lists and 1296 words that can also be practised as a whole.
Practise this list
From these 50 words, as many per round as you like — up to all of them: first what is due today, then new ones. First you choose, then you fill the gap, then you write it yourself. Mistakes come back again shortly.