Irregular Spanish verbs
All 148, with their three forms, the English meaning and an example sentence each — sorted by what actually happens, not by the alphabet.
Why not alphabetical
The usual list has three columns in alphabetical order. You find something in it if you already know what you are looking for — for learning it is poor, because it hides the only order there is here. These verbs are not 148 separate cases. Most of them fall into groups in which the same change happens, and once you have the group, you have several verbs at once.
148 verbs.
Their own stem in the preterite
58 verbsThe biggest group and the one that pays off most. The preterite is built on a stem of its own and takes endings of its own — -e, -iste, -o, -imos, -isteis, -ieron — and those carry <b>no accents</b>. tuve, not tuvé: the stress stays on the stem, and that is the most visible difference from a regular verb, where hablé and habló need their accent. The idea is the one behind English « came » rather than « comed »: the change is inside the word, not added at the end. Learn the stem and you have all six forms. Two verbs are filed here for another reason: salir and valer have a regular preterite and lose a vowel in the future instead — saldré, valdré.
| Base form | Past | Participle | English | Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| tener | tuve | tenido | to have | A1 |
Ayer tuve mucho trabajo.I had a lot of work yesterday. | ||||
| estar | estuve | estado | to be (place, state) | A1 |
Estuve en Madrid dos días.I was in Madrid for two days. | ||||
| hacer | hice | hecho | to do, to make | A1 |
Hice la cena para todos.I made dinner for everyone. | ||||
| poder | pude | podido | can, to be able to | A1 |
Al final pude entrar.In the end I managed to get in. | ||||
| poner | puse | puesto | to put, to place | A2 |
Puse las llaves en la mesa.I put the keys on the table. | ||||
| saber | supe | sabido | to know (facts), to know how to | A1 |
Lo supe ayer por la tarde.I found out yesterday afternoon. | ||||
| querer | quise | querido | to want; to love | A1 |
Quise avisarte, pero no pude.I wanted to let you know, but I couldn’t. | ||||
| venir | vine | venido | to come | A1 |
Vine en tren desde Valencia.I came from Valencia by train. | ||||
| decir | dije | dicho | to say, to tell | A1 |
Te dije la verdad.I told you the truth. | ||||
| traer | traje | traído | to bring | A2 |
Trajimos vino de la bodega.We brought wine back from the winery. | ||||
| conducir | conduje | conducido | to drive | A2 |
Condujo toda la noche.He drove all night. | ||||
| andar | anduve | andado | to walk | A2 |
Anduvimos hasta el puerto.We walked as far as the harbour. | ||||
| caber | cupe | cabido | to fit | B1 |
No cupo nada más en la maleta.Nothing else would fit in the suitcase. | ||||
| haber | hube | habido | to have (auxiliary) | A2 |
Hubo un accidente en la autopista.There was an accident on the motorway. | ||||
| ponerse | me puse | puesto | to put on; to become | A2 |
Me puse el abrigo y salí.I put my coat on and went out. | ||||
| obtener | obtuve | obtenido | to obtain, to get | B1 |
Obtuvo una beca para estudiar fuera.She got a grant to study abroad. | ||||
| proponer | propuse | propuesto | to propose | B1 |
Propusimos otra fecha.We proposed a different date. | ||||
| deshacer | deshice | deshecho | to undo; to unpack | B2 |
Deshice la maleta al llegar.I unpacked my suitcase when I arrived. | ||||
| traducir | traduje | traducido | to translate | A2 |
Traduje la carta al alemán.I translated the letter into German. | ||||
| producir | produje | producido | to produce, to make | B1 |
Aquí produjeron queso durante siglos.Cheese was made here for centuries. | ||||
| introducir | introduje | introducido | to insert, to enter (data) | B1 |
Introdujo el código dos veces.He entered the code twice. | ||||
| reducir | reduje | reducido | to reduce | B1 |
Redujeron el precio a la mitad.They halved the price. | ||||
| atraer | atraje | atraído | to attract | B2 |
La oferta atrajo a mucha gente.The offer drew a lot of people. | ||||
| distraer | distraje | distraído | to distract | B2 |
El ruido me distrajo.The noise distracted me. | ||||
| contener | contuve | contenido | to contain, to hold | B1 |
La caja contuvo los papeles durante años.The box held the papers for years. | ||||
| mantener | mantuve | mantenido | to keep, to maintain | B1 |
Mantuvo la calma todo el tiempo.He stayed calm the whole time. | ||||
| detener | detuve | detenido | to stop, to arrest | B1 |
La policía detuvo el coche.The police stopped the car. | ||||
| sostener | sostuve | sostenido | to hold, to support | B2 |
Sostuvo la puerta hasta que pasamos.He held the door until we were through. | ||||
| convenir | convine | convenido | to suit; to agree | B2 |
Convino en volver el lunes.He agreed to come back on Monday. | ||||
| intervenir | intervine | intervenido | to intervene, to take part | B2 |
Intervino en la discusión al final.She joined in the discussion at the end. | ||||
| suponer | supuse | supuesto | to suppose, to assume | B1 |
Supuse que llegarías tarde.I assumed you’d be late. | ||||
| imponer | impuse | impuesto | to impose | B2 |
Le impusieron una multa.He was given a fine. | ||||
| exponer | expuse | expuesto | to exhibit; to set out | B2 |
Expuso sus razones con calma.He set out his reasons calmly. | ||||
| disponer | dispuse | dispuesto | to arrange; to have available | B2 |
Dispusieron las mesas en círculo.They arranged the tables in a circle. | ||||
| rehacer | rehíce | rehecho | to redo | B2 |
Rehízo el informe entero.He redid the whole report. | ||||
| bendecir | bendije | bendecido | to bless | C1 |
El cura bendijo la casa.The priest blessed the house. | ||||
| predecir | predije | predicho | to predict | C1 |
Nadie predijo el resultado.Nobody predicted the result. | ||||
| salir | salí | salido | to go out, to leave | A1 |
Salió sin decir nada.He went out without a word. | ||||
| valer | valí | valido | to be worth | A2 |
Valió la pena esperar.It was worth the wait. | ||||
| descomponer | descompuse | descompuesto | to break down | C1 |
Descompuso el problema en tres partes.He broke the problem down into three parts. | ||||
| componerse | me compuse | compuesto | to consist of, to be made up of | C1 |
El grupo se compuso de nueve personas.The group was made up of nine people. | ||||
| retener | retuve | retenido | to hold back, to retain | B2 |
Retuvo la información dos semanas.He held back the information for two weeks. | ||||
| obtenerse | me obtuve | obtenido | to be obtained | C1 |
Se obtuvo el mismo resultado.The same result was obtained. | ||||
| prevenir | previne | prevenido | to prevent (in advance), to forestall | B2 |
Previno el problema a tiempo.He headed off the problem in time. | ||||
| provenir | provine | provenido | to come from, to originate | C1 |
El error provino de la primera tabla.The error came from the first table. | ||||
| deducir | deduje | deducido | to deduce | B2 |
Dedujo la regla de la excepción.He deduced the rule from the exception. | ||||
| seducir | seduje | seducido | to seduce, to win over | C1 |
La idea sedujo a todos.The idea won everyone over. | ||||
| contradecir | contradije | contradicho | to contradict | B2 |
Nadie lo contradijo en la reunión.Nobody contradicted him in the meeting. | ||||
| deshacerse | me deshice | deshecho | to fall apart; to get rid of (de) | B2 |
El grupo se deshizo en un año.The group broke up within a year. | ||||
| rehacerse | me rehíce | rehecho | to pull oneself together | C1 |
Se rehízo del susto enseguida.He got over the fright straight away. | ||||
| desdecirse | me desdije | desdicho | to go back on one’s word, to retract | C2 |
Se desdijo al día siguiente.He took it back the next day. | ||||
| reponerse | me repuse | repuesto | to recover (from) | C1 |
Se repuso del golpe en un mes.He got over the blow in a month. | ||||
| atenerse | me atuve | atenido | to abide by, to stick to | C1 |
Se atuvo a lo acordado.He stuck to what had been agreed. | ||||
| entretener | entretuve | entretenido | to entertain; to hold up | B2 |
Nos entretuvo media hora en la puerta.He kept us talking at the door for half an hour. | ||||
| sobreponerse | me sobrepuse | sobrepuesto | to overcome | C2 |
Se sobrepuso al cansancio.He overcame his tiredness. | ||||
| reproducir | reproduje | reproducido | to reproduce, to repeat | B2 |
Reprodujo la conversación palabra por palabra.He repeated the conversation word for word. | ||||
| inducir | induje | inducido | to induce, to lead (into) | C2 |
El dato indujo a error.The figure was misleading. | ||||
| conducirse | me conduje | conducido | to behave, to conduct oneself | C2 |
Se condujo con corrección.He behaved properly. | ||||
The vowel changes in the third person
55 verbsThe core of this group is -ir verbs. In the preterite their stem vowel changes in exactly the third person, singular and plural: pidió, pidieron, but pedí and pediste. The same happens in the gerund — pidiendo, durmiendo — so the group pays twice. Filed alongside them are verbs where an i between two vowels is written y — leyó, cayó, construyó — and verbs in -cer whose only quirk is a z in the first person of the present: reconozco, nazco. Their preterite is regular.
| Base form | Past | Participle | English | Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pedir | pedí | pedido | to ask for, to order | A2 |
Pidió un café con leche.He ordered a white coffee. | ||||
| dormir | dormí | dormido | to sleep | A1 |
El niño durmió toda la noche.The child slept through the night. | ||||
| sentir | sentí | sentido | to feel; to be sorry | A2 |
Sintió un dolor en el pecho.He felt a pain in his chest. | ||||
| seguir | seguí | seguido | to follow; to carry on | A2 |
Siguió trabajando hasta tarde.She carried on working until late. | ||||
| servir | serví | servido | to serve | A2 |
Nos sirvieron muy rápido.They served us very quickly. | ||||
| preferir | preferí | preferido | to prefer | A2 |
Prefirieron quedarse en casa.They preferred to stay at home. | ||||
| repetir | repetí | repetido | to repeat | A2 |
Repitió la pregunta dos veces.He repeated the question twice. | ||||
| morir | morí | muerto | to die | B1 |
Murió a los noventa años.He died at ninety. | ||||
| vestirse | me vestí | vestido | to get dressed | A2 |
Se vistió muy deprisa.He got dressed in a hurry. | ||||
| divertirse | me divertí | divertido | to have fun | A2 |
Se divirtieron mucho en la fiesta.They had a great time at the party. | ||||
| mentir | mentí | mentido | to lie (tell lies) | B1 |
Mintió sobre su edad.He lied about his age. | ||||
| conseguir | conseguí | conseguido | to get, to manage to | A2 |
Consiguió entradas para el concierto.She got tickets for the concert. | ||||
| elegir | elegí | elegido | to choose | A2 |
Eligieron el menú del día.They chose the set menu. | ||||
| reírse | me reí | reído | to laugh | A2 |
Se rieron un buen rato.They laughed for quite a while. | ||||
| conseguir dormir | conseguí dormir | conseguido dormir | to get to sleep | B1 |
No consiguió dormir en toda la noche.He couldn’t get to sleep all night. | ||||
| caer | caí | caído | to fall | A2 |
Se cayó una teja del tejado.A tile fell off the roof. | ||||
| leer | leí | leído | to read | A1 |
Leyó el informe dos veces.He read the report twice. | ||||
| oír | oí | oído | to hear | A1 |
No oyó el timbre.He didn’t hear the doorbell. | ||||
| creer | creí | creído | to believe | A1 |
No creyó una palabra.He didn’t believe a word of it. | ||||
| construir | construí | construido | to build | A2 |
Construyeron el puente en dos años.They built the bridge in two years. | ||||
| incluir | incluí | incluido | to include | A2 |
El precio incluyó el desayuno.The price included breakfast. | ||||
| huir | hui | huido | to flee, to escape | B1 |
El gato huyó por la ventana.The cat escaped through the window. | ||||
| sustituir | sustituí | sustituido | to replace, to substitute | B1 |
Sustituyeron la pieza rota.They replaced the broken part. | ||||
| sentirse | me sentí | sentido | to feel (well, tired …) | A2 |
Se sintió mejor después.He felt better afterwards. | ||||
| convertir | convertí | convertido | to turn into, to convert | B1 |
Convirtieron el garaje en taller.They turned the garage into a workshop. | ||||
| advertir | advertí | advertido | to warn | B1 |
Advirtió del peligro a tiempo.He warned of the danger in time. | ||||
| herir | herí | herido | to injure, to wound | B2 |
El accidente hirió a dos personas.The accident injured two people. | ||||
| sugerir | sugerí | sugerido | to suggest | B1 |
Sugirió otra fecha.He suggested another date. | ||||
| corregir | corregí | corregido | to correct | B1 |
Corrigió el texto en una hora.He corrected the text in an hour. | ||||
| despedir | despedí | despedido | to see off; to dismiss | B1 |
Nos despidió en la puerta.He saw us off at the door. | ||||
| impedir | impedí | impedido | to prevent, to stop | B1 |
La lluvia impidió la fiesta.The rain meant the party couldn’t go ahead. | ||||
| medir | medí | medido | to measure | B1 |
Midió la pared antes de comprar.He measured the wall before buying. | ||||
| reñir | reñí | reñido | to tell off; to quarrel | B2 |
Riñó a los niños sin levantar la voz.He told the children off without raising his voice. | ||||
| perseguir | perseguí | perseguido | to chase, to pursue | B2 |
La persiguieron dos calles.They chased her for two streets. | ||||
| morirse | me morí | muerto | to die (with se, in everyday speech) | B1 |
Se murió en invierno.He died in the winter. | ||||
| sonreír | sonreí | sonreído | to smile | B1 |
Sonrió sin decir nada.She smiled without saying anything. | ||||
| vestir | vestí | vestido | to dress (someone) | B1 |
Vistió a los niños deprisa.He dressed the children quickly. | ||||
| competir | competí | competido | to compete | B2 |
Compitieron por el mismo puesto.They competed for the same job. | ||||
| repetirse | me repetí | repetido | to happen again, to recur | B1 |
La escena se repitió en noviembre.The scene happened again in November. | ||||
| servirse | me serví | servido | to help oneself | B1 |
Se sirvió otro café.He helped himself to another coffee. | ||||
| divertir | divertí | divertido | to amuse | B1 |
La película divirtió a todos.The film amused everyone. | ||||
| preferirse | me preferí | preferido | to be preferred | C1 |
Se prefirió la opción más lenta.The slower option was preferred. | ||||
| adquirir | adquirí | adquirido | to acquire | C1 |
Adquirió la casa en 1998.He acquired the house in 1998. | ||||
| malinterpretar | malinterpreté | malinterpretado | to misinterpret | C1 |
Malinterpretó el silencio como acuerdo.He misread the silence as agreement. | ||||
| desaparecer | desaparecí | desaparecido | to disappear | A2 |
Desapareció sin decir adiós.He vanished without saying goodbye. | ||||
| aparecer | aparecí | aparecido | to appear, to turn up | A2 |
Apareció una nota en la puerta.A note appeared on the door. | ||||
| crecer | crecí | crecido | to grow; to grow up | A2 |
Creció en un pueblo pequeño.He grew up in a small village. | ||||
| parecerse | me parecí | parecido | to look alike, to resemble | A2 |
Los hermanos se parecieron siempre.The siblings always looked alike. | ||||
| agradecer | agradecí | agradecido | to thank, to be grateful for | A2 |
Agradeció la ayuda con una nota.He thanked them for their help with a note. | ||||
| ofrecer | ofrecí | ofrecido | to offer | A2 |
Ofreció café a todos.He offered everyone coffee. | ||||
| pertenecer | pertenecí | pertenecido | to belong | B1 |
La casa perteneció a su abuela.The house belonged to his grandmother. | ||||
| establecer | establecí | establecido | to establish, to set | B2 |
Establecieron la norma en marzo.They set the rule in March. | ||||
| merecer | merecí | merecido | to deserve | B1 |
Mereció la pena el esfuerzo.The effort was worth it. | ||||
| reconocer | reconocí | reconocido | to recognise; to admit | A2 |
Reconoció el coche por el ruido.He recognised the car by its sound. | ||||
| nacer | nací | nacido | to be born | A1 |
Nació en un pueblo de ochenta habitantes.He was born in a village of eighty people. | ||||
The participle is irregular
29 verbsHere the preterite is regular and the participle is not. There are few of them, all common, and they are needed in every compound tense: he hecho, había dicho, habrá escrito. English is irregular in some of the same places — « written », « seen », « broken » — so the list feels less arbitrary than it looks. Most of these verbs have no participle in -ado or -ido at all; freír, imprimir and proveer accept one as well, but the short form is the one to learn.
| Base form | Past | Participle | English | Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| escribir | escribí | escrito | to write | A1 |
He escrito tres cartas hoy.I’ve written three letters today. | ||||
| ver | vi | visto | to see | A1 |
No he visto esa película.I haven’t seen that film. | ||||
| abrir | abrí | abierto | to open (something) | A1 |
Han abierto una tienda nueva.They’ve opened a new shop. | ||||
| volver | volví | vuelto | to come back, to go back | A1 |
Todavía no ha vuelto del trabajo.She isn’t back from work yet. | ||||
| romper | rompí | roto | to break (something) | A2 |
Se ha roto el vaso.The glass has broken. | ||||
| cubrir | cubrí | cubierto | to cover | B1 |
La nieve ha cubierto los campos.The snow has covered the fields. | ||||
| descubrir | descubrí | descubierto | to discover, to find | B1 |
Han descubierto un error en la factura.They’ve found a mistake in the invoice. | ||||
| resolver | resolví | resuelto | to solve | B1 |
Ya hemos resuelto el problema.We’ve already solved the problem. | ||||
| devolver | devolví | devuelto | to give back, to return (an object) | A2 |
Le he devuelto el libro.I’ve given him the book back. | ||||
| freír | freí | frito | to fry | B1 |
He frito las patatas.I’ve fried the potatoes. | ||||
| imprimir | imprimí | impreso | to print | B1 |
Ya he impreso los documentos.I’ve already printed the documents. | ||||
| componer | compuse | compuesto | to make up; to compose | B2 |
La comisión está compuesta por cinco personas.The committee is made up of five people. | ||||
| describir | describí | descrito | to describe | B1 |
Ha descrito la escena con detalle.She has described the scene in detail. | ||||
| satisfacer | satisfice | satisfecho | to satisfy | B2 |
La respuesta no me ha satisfecho.I’m not satisfied with the answer. | ||||
| envolver | envolví | envuelto | to wrap | B1 |
Envolvió el regalo con cuidado.She wrapped the present carefully. | ||||
| disolver | disolví | disuelto | to dissolve; to break up | C1 |
Disolvieron la reunión a las dos.They broke up the meeting at two. | ||||
| absolver | absolví | absuelto | to acquit | C1 |
El juez lo absolvió.The judge acquitted him. | ||||
| encubrir | encubrí | encubierto | to cover up | C1 |
Encubrió el error durante meses.He covered up the mistake for months. | ||||
| inscribir | inscribí | inscrito | to enrol, to register | B2 |
Se inscribió en el curso el lunes.He enrolled on the course on Monday. | ||||
| prescribir | prescribí | prescrito | to prescribe; to lapse (in law) | C1 |
El médico le prescribió reposo.The doctor prescribed rest. | ||||
| suscribir | suscribí | suscrito | to sign; to subscribe | C1 |
Suscribió el contrato sin leerlo.He signed the contract without reading it. | ||||
| romperse | me rompí | roto | to break (get broken) | A2 |
Se rompió el candado con el frío.The padlock broke in the cold. | ||||
| abrirse | me abrí | abierto | to open (by itself) | A2 |
La puerta se abrió sola.The door opened by itself. | ||||
| reabrir | reabrí | reabierto | to reopen | C1 |
Reabrieron el caso en marzo.They reopened the case in March. | ||||
| proveer | proveí | provisto | to supply, to provide | C1 |
Proveyeron el material a tiempo.They supplied the material on time. | ||||
| desenvolverse | me desenvolví | desenvuelto | to get by, to cope | C1 |
Se desenvolvió bien en la entrevista.He handled himself well in the interview. | ||||
| revolver | revolví | revuelto | to stir; to rummage | B2 |
Revolvió los papeles buscando el ticket.He rummaged through the papers looking for the receipt. | ||||
| devolverse | me devolví | devuelto | to turn back (Latin America) | C1 |
Se devolvió a mitad de camino.He turned back halfway. | ||||
| circunscribir | circunscribí | circunscrito | to limit, to confine | C2 |
Circunscribió el tema a dos preguntas.He limited the topic to two questions. | ||||
Irregular throughout
6 verbsVerbs that no rule reaches — and two of them even share their preterite: ser and ir are both fui. Only the sentence tells you which is meant. That sounds like a trap and is not: a place after it makes it « went », an adjective or a noun makes it « was ».
| Base form | Past | Participle | English | Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ser | fui | sido | to be (identity, lasting) | A1 |
Fui profesor durante diez años.I was a teacher for ten years. | ||||
| ir | fui | ido | to go | A1 |
Fui al mercado por la mañana.I went to the market in the morning. | ||||
| dar | di | dado | to give | A1 |
Le di las gracias.I thanked him. | ||||
| haber que | hubo que | habido que | to have to (impersonal) | B1 |
Hubo que esperar dos horas.We had to wait two hours. | ||||
| haberse | me hube | habido | to have to (formal: se hubo de) | C2 |
Se hubo de esperar mucho.People had to wait a long time. | ||||
| yacer | yací | yacido | to lie (buried, formal) | C2 |
Yació allí hasta la mañana.It lay there until morning. | ||||
Practise the three forms
One base form, two missing forms. Only what you write counts — quotation marks, capitals and spaces are forgiven, not penalised.