C2 · 50 words
Toxicology in Spanish
Dose, uptake, effect and limits — how the harm a substance does is established.
El órgano diana no siempre es donde entra el tóxico: the target organ is not always where the poison goes in. La diana is the bullseye — the painted circle a dart or an arrow is aimed at — and from there it became the target of a drug or a poison, exactly as « target » did for us. But the Spanish word has a second life English has no part in: tocar diana is to sound reveille, the bugle call that gets a barracks out of bed, and a las seis, diana on an army timetable means six o'clock, everybody up. Bullseye and reveille in one noun — and the link is the older sense, the first light of day, from the goddess of the moon giving way to it.
The words
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Phrase (41)
el agente tóxicothe agent that does it, which may be natural or madePhraseC2
El agente tóxico puede ser natural o sintético.A toxic agent may be natural or synthetic.
la relación dosis-efectothe relation between how much and how bad, rarely a straight linePhraseC2
La relación dosis-efecto casi nunca es una línea recta.The dose-effect relation is almost never a straight line.
la dosis umbralthe amount below which nothing happens at allPhraseC2
La dosis umbral marca dónde empieza el efecto.The threshold dose marks where the effect begins.
la dosis sin efecto adverso observadothe highest dose at which no harm could be measured in the trialPhraseC2
La dosis sin efecto adverso observado se obtiene del ensayo.The no-observed-adverse-effect level comes out of the trial.
la dosis letal mediathe dose that killed half the animals, a comparison and not a forecastPhraseC2
La dosis letal media es un dato comparativo, no un pronóstico.The median lethal dose is a comparative figure, not a forecast.
el factor de incertidumbrethe factor, usually a hundred, that turns an animal figure into a human limitPhraseC2
El factor de incertidumbre suele ser de cien.The uncertainty factor is usually a hundred.
la ingesta diaria admisiblethe amount a person may take in daily for a whole lifetimePhraseC2
La ingesta diaria admisible se refiere a toda la vida.The acceptable daily intake refers to a whole lifetime.
el valor límite de exposiciónthe ceiling for the air at a workplace, set over an eight-hour shiftPhraseC2
El valor límite de exposición se fija para ocho horas.The occupational exposure limit is set for eight hours.
el margen de seguridadthe gap between what is used and what would do harmPhraseC2
El margen de seguridad separa el uso del efecto.The margin of safety separates the use from the effect.
la exposición agudathe exposure that happens oncePhraseC2
La exposición aguda ocurre de una sola vez.Acute exposure happens on one occasion.
la exposición crónicathe exposure that adds up over yearsPhraseC2
La exposición crónica se acumula durante años.Chronic exposure accumulates over years.
la vía de exposiciónthe way in, which changes the effect entirelyPhraseC2
La vía de exposición cambia por completo el efecto.The route of exposure changes the effect completely.
la absorción dérmicathe taking in through the skin, which the solvent increasesPhraseC2
La absorción dérmica aumenta con el disolvente.Dermal absorption increases with the solvent.
la inhalación de vaporesthe breathing in of vapour, which skips the liver on the wayPhraseC2
La inhalación de vapores evita el primer paso hepático.Breathing in vapour avoids the first pass through the liver.
la fracción absorbidathe share that actually reaches the bloodPhraseC2
La fracción absorbida dice cuánto llega de verdad a la sangre.The absorbed fraction says how much really reaches the blood.
la distribución en el organismothe spreading through the body, which depends on how much fat there isPhraseC2
La distribución en el organismo depende de la grasa corporal.Distribution in the body depends on the body fat.
el metabolito activothe product of that change, which does the damage the parent did notPhraseC2
El metabolito activo hace el daño, no la sustancia madre.The active metabolite does the damage, not the parent substance.
la eliminación renalthe clearing through the kidneys, which slows with agePhraseC2
La eliminación renal se enlentece con la edad.Renal clearance slows with age.
la semivida de eliminaciónthe time to clear half of it, which decides how much builds upPhraseC2
La semivida de eliminación decide cuánto se acumula.The elimination half-life decides how much accumulates.
el órgano dianathe organ that suffers, which need not be the way inPhraseC2
El órgano diana no siempre es donde entra el tóxico.The target organ is not always where the poison enters.
la sustancia sin umbralthe substance with no safe amount, for which no limit can be setPhraseC2
La sustancia sin umbral no admite un límite seguro.A substance with no threshold admits no safe limit.
la toxicidad reproductivathe harm to fertility and offspring, studied over two generationsPhraseC2
La toxicidad reproductiva se estudia en dos generaciones.Reproductive toxicity is studied over two generations.
el efecto teratógenothe harm to the unborn, which depends on when in the pregnancyPhraseC2
El efecto teratógeno depende del momento de la gestación.The teratogenic effect depends on the moment of the pregnancy.
la sensibilización alérgicathe allergy that, once acquired, no longer cares about the amountPhraseC2
La sensibilización alérgica no depende de la dosis.Allergic sensitisation does not depend on the dose.
el efecto aditivothe effect of two substances that simply adds upPhraseC2
El efecto aditivo suma lo que hace cada sustancia.An additive effect adds up what each substance does.
el efecto sinérgicothe effect of two that comes to more than their sumPhraseC2
El efecto sinérgico supera a la suma de las partes.A synergistic effect exceeds the sum of the parts.
el antagonismo entre sustanciasthe effect of two that cancels, which is how some antidotes workPhraseC2
El antagonismo entre sustancias fundamenta algunos antídotos.Antagonism between substances is the basis of some antidotes.
el antídoto específicothe antidote that fits one poison, and exists for very fewPhraseC2
El antídoto específico existe para muy pocos tóxicos.A specific antidote exists for very few poisons.
la descontaminación del pacientethe getting of the substance off and out, which comes before anything elsePhraseC2
La descontaminación del paciente precede a todo lo demás.Decontaminating the patient comes before everything else.
el centro de información toxicológicathe poisons centre, answering day and nightPhraseC2
El centro de información toxicológica atiende día y noche.The poisons information centre answers day and night.
el ensayo in vitrothe test in glassware, which spares animalsPhraseC2
El ensayo in vitro reduce el uso de animales.The in-vitro assay reduces the use of animals.
el método alternativo validadothe validated replacement for a classical animal testPhraseC2
El método alternativo validado sustituye a un ensayo clásico.A validated alternative method replaces a classical assay.
la extrapolación entre especiesthe carrying over from animal to human, the most argued part of the tradePhraseC2
La extrapolación entre especies es la parte más discutida.Extrapolation between species is the most argued part.
la evaluación del riesgo químicothe assessment that puts the hazard together with the exposurePhraseC2
La evaluación del riesgo químico combina peligro y exposición.Chemical risk assessment combines hazard and exposure.
la caracterización del peligrothe describing of the hazard, which is only half the workPhraseC2
La caracterización del peligro es solo la mitad del trabajo.Characterising the hazard is only half the work.
la ficha de datos de seguridadthe safety data sheet, in its sixteen sectionsPhraseC2
La ficha de datos de seguridad tiene dieciséis apartados.The safety data sheet has sixteen sections.
la clasificación y el etiquetadothe sorting and labelling, done to one worldwide systemPhraseC2
La clasificación y el etiquetado siguen un sistema armonizado.Classification and labelling follow a harmonised system.
el pictograma de peligrothe hazard picture, understood without reading the languagePhraseC2
El pictograma de peligro se entiende sin leer el idioma.The hazard pictogram is understood without reading the language.
la indicación de peligrothe hazard sentence, in standard wordingPhraseC2
La indicación de peligro usa una frase normalizada.The hazard statement uses standard wording.
el consejo de prudenciathe precautionary sentence, which says what to do and not what to fearPhraseC2
El consejo de prudencia dice qué hacer, no qué temer.The precautionary statement says what to do, not what to fear.
la vigilancia biológica del trabajadorthe measuring in a worker of what is already inside themPhraseC2
La vigilancia biológica del trabajador mide lo que ya está dentro.Biological monitoring of the worker measures what is already inside.
Noun (f) (9)
la toxicologíathe study of the harm, rather than of the substanceNoun (f)C2
La toxicología estudia el daño, no la sustancia.Toxicology studies the harm, not the substance.
la biotransformaciónthe changing of the substance by the body, which can make it worseNoun (f)C2
La biotransformación puede aumentar la toxicidad.Biotransformation can increase the toxicity.
la bioacumulaciónthe building up inside one organismNoun (f)C2
La bioacumulación crece en el propio organismo.Bioaccumulation builds up within the organism itself.
la biomagnificaciónthe building up along the food chain, from one animal to the nextNoun (f)C2
La biomagnificación crece a lo largo de la cadena trófica.Biomagnification builds up along the food chain.
la hepatotoxicidadthe harm to the liver, found by enzymes in the bloodNoun (f)C2
La hepatotoxicidad se detecta con enzimas en sangre.Liver toxicity is detected by enzymes in the blood.
la nefrotoxicidadthe harm to the kidney, which may go away once the agent doesNoun (f)C2
La nefrotoxicidad puede ser reversible al retirar el agente.Kidney toxicity may be reversible once the agent is withdrawn.
la neurotoxicidadthe harm to the nerves, which leaves traces when it is structuralNoun (f)C2
La neurotoxicidad deja secuelas cuando el daño es estructural.Nerve toxicity leaves lasting damage when it is structural.
la genotoxicidadthe harm to the genetic material, studied by mutation assaysNoun (f)C2
La genotoxicidad se estudia con ensayos de mutación.Genotoxicity is studied with mutation assays.
la carcinogenicidadthe capacity to cause cancer, graded by the weight of the evidenceNoun (f)C2
La carcinogenicidad se clasifica por el peso de la evidencia.Carcinogenicity is classified by the weight of the evidence.
This list belongs to Health and the body — 26 lists and 1248 words that can also be practised as a whole.
Practise this list
From these 50 words, as many per round as you like — up to all of them: first what is due today, then new ones. First you choose, then you fill the gap, then you write it yourself. Mistakes come back again shortly.