C2 · 50 words
Microbiology in Spanish
Bacteria, cultures, growth and resistance — the language of a field whose subject stays invisible.
La resistencia a los antibióticos la desarrolla el microbio: the resistance is the microbe's. English has « resistance » for that, and then la resistencia goes two places our word will not. It is stamina: una carrera de resistencia is an endurance race and no tengo resistencia means you are out of breath, not that you are giving in. And it is the wire that gets hot: se ha fundido la resistencia del horno is the oven element gone. Resistance, endurance, element — the thread is a thing that stands against what passes through it, whether that is a drug, a hill, or a current.
The words
View
Phrase (39)
la pared celular bacterianathe wall around a bacterium, which decides how it stainsPhraseC2
La pared celular bacteriana decide la tinción.The bacterial cell wall decides the staining.
la tinción diferencialthe stain that sorts bacteria into two great groupsPhraseC2
La tinción diferencial separa dos grandes grupos.Differential staining separates two great groups.
la bacteria grampositivathe bacterium that holds the violet dyePhraseC2
La bacteria grampositiva retiene el colorante violeta.A Gram-positive bacterium retains the violet dye.
la bacteria gramnegativathe bacterium that has an extra outer membrane insteadPhraseC2
La bacteria gramnegativa tiene una membrana externa adicional.A Gram-negative bacterium has an additional outer membrane.
el flagelo bacterianothe tail a bacterium swims withPhraseC2
El flagelo bacteriano permite nadar hacia el nutriente.The bacterial flagellum lets it swim towards the nutrient.
la cápsula bacterianathe coat that makes a bacterium hard to swallowPhraseC2
La cápsula bacteriana dificulta la fagocitosis.The bacterial capsule makes phagocytosis difficult.
el medio de cultivothe jelly or broth that microbes are grown onPhraseC2
El medio de cultivo puede ser selectivo o general.The culture medium may be selective or general.
el medio selectivothe medium that lets one thing grow and holds back the restPhraseC2
El medio selectivo frena a todo lo demás.A selective medium holds back everything else.
el cultivo purothe culture descended from a single colonyPhraseC2
El cultivo puro procede de una sola colonia.A pure culture comes from a single colony.
la colonia aisladathe single colony, described by its shape and its edgePhraseC2
La colonia aislada se describe por forma y borde.An isolated colony is described by shape and edge.
la siembra en estríathe streaking that thins the cells out until they stand apartPhraseC2
La siembra en estría separa las células por dilución.Streaking separates the cells by dilution.
el recuento en placathe counting of colonies, which counts only what grewPhraseC2
El recuento en placa solo cuenta lo que crece.The plate count counts only what grows.
el microorganismo viable no cultivablethe microbe alive but unwilling to grow on any platePhraseC2
El microorganismo viable no cultivable escapa al recuento.The viable but non-culturable organism escapes the count.
la curva de crecimientothe curve of a population over time, in four phasesPhraseC2
La curva de crecimiento tiene cuatro fases.The growth curve has four phases.
la fase de latenciathe first phase, in which a great deal happens and nothing showsPhraseC2
La fase de latencia no significa que no pase nada.The lag phase does not mean that nothing is happening.
la fase exponencialthe phase in which the population doubles at a fixed intervalPhraseC2
La fase exponencial duplica la población a intervalos fijos.The exponential phase doubles the population at fixed intervals.
el tiempo de generaciónthe length of one of those doublingsPhraseC2
El tiempo de generación puede ser de veinte minutos.The generation time may be twenty minutes.
la fase estacionariathe phase in which as many die as are bornPhraseC2
La fase estacionaria equilibra nacimiento y muerte.The stationary phase balances birth and death.
el metabolito secundariothe substance made once growth slows, not while it runsPhraseC2
El metabolito secundario aparece cuando el crecimiento frena.The secondary metabolite appears when growth slows.
el microorganismo aerobio estrictothe microbe that cannot live without oxygenPhraseC2
El microorganismo aerobio estricto necesita oxígeno.A strict aerobe needs oxygen.
el anaerobio facultativothe microbe that manages either wayPhraseC2
El anaerobio facultativo crece con y sin oxígeno.A facultative anaerobe grows with oxygen and without.
la percepción de quórumthe counting of one another by which bacteria wait for a crowdPhraseC2
La percepción de quórum activa genes solo si hay muchos.Quorum sensing switches genes on only when there are many.
la transferencia horizontal de genesthe passing of genes sideways, between speciesPhraseC2
La transferencia horizontal de genes salta entre especies.Horizontal gene transfer jumps between species.
la conjugación bacterianathe passing of that ring by direct contactPhraseC2
La conjugación bacteriana pasa material por contacto directo.Bacterial conjugation passes material by direct contact.
el ciclo lisogénicothe cycle in which the virus settles into the genome and waitsPhraseC2
El ciclo lisogénico integra el virus en el genoma.The lysogenic cycle integrates the virus into the genome.
la resistencia a los antibióticosthe resistance, which the microbe develops and the patient does notPhraseC2
La resistencia a los antibióticos la desarrolla el microbio, no el paciente.Antibiotic resistance is developed by the microbe, not by the patient.
la presión selectiva del antibióticothe pressure an antibiotic puts on a populationPhraseC2
La presión selectiva del antibiótico favorece al superviviente.The selective pressure of the antibiotic favours the survivor.
la concentración mínima inhibitoriathe least concentration that stops growth, measured in the labPhraseC2
La concentración mínima inhibitoria se mide en el laboratorio.The minimum inhibitory concentration is measured in the laboratory.
el punto de corte clínicothe figure above which the laboratory calls the germ resistantPhraseC2
El punto de corte clínico decide si el germen se llama sensible.The clinical breakpoint decides whether the germ is called susceptible.
el uso prudente de antimicrobianosthe using of these drugs sparingly, which buys timePhraseC2
El uso prudente de antimicrobianos retrasa el problema.Prudent use of antimicrobials delays the problem.
la infección asociada a la asistencia sanitariathe infection picked up in the course of carePhraseC2
La infección asociada a la asistencia sanitaria aparece a las cuarenta y ocho horas.A healthcare-associated infection appears after forty-eight hours.
el reservorio del microorganismothe place the organism lives between casesPhraseC2
El reservorio del microorganismo puede ser un animal.The reservoir of the organism may be an animal.
la vía de transmisiónthe route it takes, which decides what barrier is usedPhraseC2
La vía de transmisión determina la medida de barrera.The route of transmission determines the barrier measure.
la colonización sin enfermedadthe carrying of an organism without being ill from itPhraseC2
La colonización sin enfermedad no se trata.Colonisation without disease is not treated.
la microbiota intestinalthe community of microbes in the gutPhraseC2
La microbiota intestinal cambia con la dieta en días.The gut microbiota changes with the diet within days.
la secuenciación del gen ribosómicothe reading of one gene to name an organism without growing itPhraseC2
La secuenciación del gen ribosómico identifica sin cultivar.Sequencing the ribosomal gene identifies without culturing.
la esterilización en autoclavethe sterilising done with steam under pressurePhraseC2
La esterilización en autoclave usa vapor a presión.Autoclave sterilisation uses steam under pressure.
el control biológico del procesothe test spores used to prove the steam did its workPhraseC2
El control biológico del proceso usa esporas de prueba.The biological process control uses test spores.
el nivel de bioseguridadthe containment level, of which the third demands negative pressurePhraseC2
El nivel de bioseguridad tres exige presión negativa.Biosafety level three demands negative pressure.
Noun (f) (6)
la microbiologíathe study of what cannot be seen without a lensNoun (f)C2
La microbiología trabaja con lo que no se ve a simple vista.Microbiology works with what cannot be seen by eye.
la endosporathe spore that survives boilingNoun (f)C2
La endospora sobrevive a la ebullición.An endospore survives boiling.
la biopelículathe slime layer that shelters the cells inside itNoun (f)C2
La biopelícula protege a las células de dentro.A biofilm protects the cells inside it.
la multirresistenciathe resistance to several drugs at onceNoun (f)C2
La multirresistencia deja pocas opciones.Multi-resistance leaves few options.
la disbiosisthe imbalance in that community, which is not an infectionNoun (f)C2
La disbiosis describe un desequilibrio, no una infección.Dysbiosis describes an imbalance, not an infection.
la metagenómicathe reading of the whole community at onceNoun (f)C2
La metagenómica lee toda la comunidad a la vez.Metagenomics reads the whole community at once.
Noun (m) (5)
el procariotathe cell with no proper nucleusNoun (m)C2
El procariota no tiene núcleo definido.A prokaryote has no defined nucleus.
el termófilothe microbe that likes it hotter than fifty degreesNoun (m)C2
El termófilo prospera por encima de cincuenta grados.A thermophile thrives above fifty degrees.
el halófilothe microbe that needs saltNoun (m)C2
El halófilo necesita sal para crecer.A halophile needs salt in order to grow.
el plásmidothe small loose ring of DNA that so often carries the resistanceNoun (m)C2
El plásmido lleva a menudo la resistencia.The plasmid often carries the resistance.
el bacteriófagothe virus that infects only bacteriaNoun (m)C2
El bacteriófago infecta solo a bacterias.A bacteriophage infects only bacteria.
This list belongs to Health and the body — 26 lists and 1248 words that can also be practised as a whole.
Practise this list
From these 50 words, as many per round as you like — up to all of them: first what is due today, then new ones. First you choose, then you fill the gap, then you write it yourself. Mistakes come back again shortly.