C2 · 50 words
Commercial law in Spanish
Company forms, instruments, competition and insolvency — the law of merchants among themselves.
A Spanish company in concurso is not entering a competition, though the same word does that too. El concurso de acreedores is insolvency proceedings, the whole of it — creditors coming together against one estate. Elsewhere el concurso is a contest one enters (ganó el concurso de fotografía) or a public tender a firm bids for (salió a concurso). English « concourse » is none of these; it is a hall in a station. So the one Spanish word runs from bankruptcy to a photography prize, and the English lookalike stands somewhere else entirely.
The words
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Phrase (47)
el derecho mercantilthe law that applies to acts of tradePhraseC2
El derecho mercantil se aplica a los actos de comercio.Commercial law applies to acts of trade.
el empresario individualthe trader who answers with everything they ownPhraseC2
El empresario individual responde con todo su patrimonio.The sole trader answers with all of their patrimony.
la sociedad de responsabilidad limitadathe company whose capital is divided into stakesPhraseC2
La sociedad de responsabilidad limitada divide el capital en participaciones.The limited company divides its capital into stakes.
la sociedad anónimathe company whose capital is divided into sharesPhraseC2
La sociedad anónima divide el capital en acciones.The public company divides its capital into shares.
la sociedad comanditariathe company with partners who do not managePhraseC2
La sociedad comanditaria tiene socios que no gestionan.The limited partnership has partners who do not manage.
la escritura de constituciónthe founding deed, which fixes what the company is forPhraseC2
La escritura de constitución fija el objeto social.The founding deed fixes the object of the company.
los estatutos socialesthe articles, which may demand a reinforced majorityPhraseC2
Los estatutos sociales exigen mayoría reforzada.The articles require a reinforced majority.
el objeto socialthe business the company is allowed to be inPhraseC2
El objeto social abarca la compraventa de maquinaria.The corporate object covers the buying and selling of machinery.
la publicidad registralthe register's effect, which makes an appointment count against outsidersPhraseC2
La publicidad registral hace oponible el nombramiento.Registration makes the appointment good against third parties.
el capital social suscritothe capital signed up for, here paid in fullPhraseC2
El capital social suscrito se desembolsó por completo.The subscribed capital was paid up in full.
la aportación no dinerariathe contribution made in something other than moneyPhraseC2
La aportación no dineraria consistió en una nave.The contribution in kind consisted of an industrial building.
la junta generalthe meeting of the owners, which approves the accountsPhraseC2
La junta general aprueba las cuentas anuales.The general meeting approves the annual accounts.
el órgano de administraciónthe body that manages, here a board of fivePhraseC2
El órgano de administración es un consejo de cinco.The managing body is a board of five.
el administrador solidariothe manager who can sign on their ownPhraseC2
El administrador solidario firma solo.The manager with several powers signs alone.
la representación orgánicathe power to bind the company, which cannot be cut down against outsidersPhraseC2
La representación orgánica no puede limitarse frente a terceros.Organic representation cannot be limited against third parties.
el ámbito interno de actuaciónthe room to act inside the company, where instructions do applyPhraseC2
El ámbito interno de actuación sí admite instrucciones.The internal scope of action does admit instructions.
la apariencia jurídicathe appearance the outside world may rely onPhraseC2
La apariencia jurídica protege a quien confió en ella.Legal appearance protects whoever relied on it.
el apoderado generalthe general attorney, who signs below the managerPhraseC2
El apoderado general firma por debajo del gerente.The general attorney signs below the manager.
el deber de lealtad del administradorthe duty that forbids competing with one's own companyPhraseC2
El deber de lealtad del administrador prohíbe competir con la sociedad.The manager's duty of loyalty forbids competing with the company.
el conflicto de interés societariothe clash of interests that forces one to stand asidePhraseC2
El conflicto de interés societario obliga a abstenerse.A conflict of interest obliges one to abstain.
la acción social de responsabilidadthe claim against a manager, brought by the company itselfPhraseC2
La acción social de responsabilidad la ejerce la propia sociedad.The corporate liability claim is brought by the company itself.
el levantamiento del velo societariothe reaching through to the shareholder behind the companyPhraseC2
El levantamiento del velo societario alcanza al socio único.Lifting the corporate veil reaches the sole shareholder.
la fusión por absorciónthe merger in which one company swallows another and it endsPhraseC2
La fusión por absorción extingue la sociedad absorbida.A merger by absorption ends the company taken over.
la escisión de sociedadesthe splitting of a company's patrimony in twoPhraseC2
La escisión de sociedades reparte el patrimonio en dos.A demerger splits the patrimony in two.
la transformación societariathe change of form, which does not break the legal personPhraseC2
La transformación societaria no interrumpe la personalidad.A change of form does not interrupt the legal personality.
el título valorthe instrument in which the right sits in the paperPhraseC2
El título valor incorpora el derecho al documento.The instrument embodies the right in the document.
la letra de cambiothe order to pay drawn on somebody else, falling due in ninety daysPhraseC2
La letra de cambio vence a noventa días.The bill of exchange falls due at ninety days.
el aval cambiariothe guarantee on that paper, binding the guarantor like the signerPhraseC2
El aval cambiario obliga al avalista como al firmante.The guarantee on a bill binds the guarantor like the signer.
la compraventa mercantilthe sale between merchants, presumed to be for resalePhraseC2
La compraventa mercantil presume la reventa.The commercial sale presumes a resale.
el contrato de comisiónthe mandate carried out in one's own name for another's accountPhraseC2
El contrato de comisión actúa en nombre propio y cuenta ajena.The commission contract acts in one's own name for another's account.
el contrato de agenciathe contract that earns compensation for the customers brought inPhraseC2
El contrato de agencia da derecho a indemnización por clientela.The agency contract gives a right to compensation for the clientele.
el contrato de distribuciónthe contract that grants a territory to one sellerPhraseC2
El contrato de distribución concede exclusiva territorial.The distribution contract grants territorial exclusivity.
el contrato de franquiciathe contract that hands over the brand and the know-howPhraseC2
El contrato de franquicia cede la marca y el saber hacer.The franchise contract hands over the brand and the know-how.
el acto de confusión en el mercadothe passing off that copies somebody else's packagingPhraseC2
El acto de confusión en el mercado imitaba el envase ajeno.The act of confusion in the market imitated somebody else's packaging.
el acuerdo colusoriothe agreement between competitors, here carving up the mapPhraseC2
El acuerdo colusorio repartía el mercado por provincias.The cartel agreement shared out the market by province.
el abuso de posición dominantethe misuse of a position nobody in the market can escapePhraseC2
El abuso de posición dominante se sancionó con multa.The abuse of a dominant position was punished with a fine.
el control de concentracionesthe review of a merger, which may force a subsidiary to be soldPhraseC2
El control de concentraciones exigió vender una filial.Merger control required a subsidiary to be sold.
el concurso de acreedoresthe insolvency proceedings, opened in JanuaryPhraseC2
El concurso de acreedores se declaró en enero.The insolvency proceedings were declared in January.
la insolvencia inminentethe insolvency still ahead, which is already enough to applyPhraseC2
La insolvencia inminente ya permite solicitar el concurso.Imminent insolvency is already enough to apply.
la masa activathe pool of assets, inventoried within two monthsPhraseC2
La masa activa se inventaría en dos meses.The estate is inventoried within two months.
el crédito privilegiadothe claim paid before the ordinary onesPhraseC2
El crédito privilegiado cobra antes que el ordinario.The privileged claim is paid before the ordinary one.
el crédito subordinadothe claim paid last of allPhraseC2
El crédito subordinado cobra el último.The subordinated claim is paid last.
el convenio concursalthe arrangement that puts the debt off for five yearsPhraseC2
El convenio concursal aplaza la deuda cinco años.The insolvency arrangement puts the debt off by five years.
la liquidación de la sociedadthe winding up, which shares out what is leftPhraseC2
La liquidación de la sociedad reparte el remanente.The winding up of the company shares out what is left.
la acción rescisoria concursalthe undoing of a payment made too soon before the openingPhraseC2
La acción rescisoria concursal deshace el pago anticipado.The insolvency claw-back undoes the early payment.
la calificación del concursothe finding on whether the insolvency was somebody's faultPhraseC2
La calificación del concurso fue de culpable.The insolvency was classified as culpable.
la segunda oportunidadthe release that frees an honest debtor from the restPhraseC2
La segunda oportunidad libera al deudor de buena fe.The second chance releases the debtor who acted in good faith.
Noun (m) (3)
el pagaréthe promise to pay written by the debtorNoun (m)C2
El pagaré lo emite el propio deudor.The promissory note is issued by the debtor itself.
el endosothe passing of the paper to a new holder by signing the backNoun (m)C2
El endoso transmite el título a otro tenedor.Endorsement passes the instrument to another holder.
el protestothe formal record that payment was not madeNoun (m)C2
El protesto acredita la falta de pago.The protest records the failure to pay.
This list belongs to Law and contracts — 16 lists and 800 words that can also be practised as a whole.
Practise this list
From these 50 words, as many per round as you like — up to all of them: first what is due today, then new ones. First you choose, then you fill the gap, then you write it yourself. Mistakes come back again shortly.