B1 · Infinitives and participles
Done, made: the -आ हुआ form (बना हुआ, लिखा हुआ)
the perfective participle
The past form with हुआ describes the state an action has left behind: बना हुआ खाना, खुली हुई खिड़की.
At a glance
- Remember
- The past form plus hua describes what an action has left behind, and both halves agree with the noun.
- Form
- टूटा हुआ गिलासmasculine
- Signal words
- -आ हुआ
- -ई हुई
- -ए हुए
- का … -आ हुआ
- Trap
- Wrong:मेज़ पर लिखा हुआ चिट्ठी है।Right:मेज़ पर लिखी हुई चिट्ठी है।
Your turn
10 exercises on this topic. Your answers are checked in the browser; none of them leaves your device.
The form
| masculine | टूटा हुआ गिलास |
| feminine | लिखी हुई चिट्ठी |
| plural or oblique | धुले हुए कपड़े, बने हुए घरों में |
| a state, with होना | दरवाज़ा खुला हुआ है |
| with the doer | माँ का बनाया हुआ खाना |
| irregular pasts | किया हुआ, दिया हुआ, लिया हुआ |
The rules one by one
The form this topic is aboutThe word that calls for it
Past form + हुआ, both halves agreeing with the noun.
मेज़ पर एक लिखी हुई चिट्ठी है।There is a written letter on the table.
With होना it describes a state.
खिड़की खुली हुई है।The window is open.
From a verb of position it says where someone is, not what they are doing.
दादाजी कुर्सी पर बैठे हुए हैं।Grandfather is sitting in the chair.
The doer stands in front with का, की, के.
यह माँ का बनाया हुआ खाना है।This is food that mother made.
Example sentences
धुले हुए कपड़े अलमारी में रख दीजिए।Please put the washed clothes in the wardrobe.
मैं आज बहुत थका हुआ हूँ।I am very tired today.
उस टूटे हुए गिलास को मत उठाइए।Do not pick up that broken glass.
दीवार पर लिखे हुए नाम पढ़िए।Read the names written on the wall.
बच्चा माँ की गोद में सोया हुआ है।The child is asleep in his mother’s arms.
यह मेरे दोस्त का दिया हुआ तोहफ़ा है।This is a present my friend gave me.
7 more example sentences
उबला हुआ पानी पीजिए।Drink boiled water.
सड़क पर गिरे हुए पत्ते थे।There were fallen leaves on the road.
यह मेरी लिखी हुई पहली कहानी है।This is the first story I wrote.
हम थके हुए थे, इसलिए जल्दी सो गए।We were tired, so we went to bed early.
शादी में सब लोग सजे हुए थे।Everyone was dressed up at the wedding.
मेरा खोया हुआ बटुआ मिल गया।My lost wallet has turned up.
दुकान अभी खुली हुई है।The shop is open now.
The trap English speakers fall into
Watch out
चिट्ठी is feminine, and both halves of the participle agree with it: लिखी हुई. English has one form, “written”, for every noun, so it is easy to leave both halves in the masculine.
The full explanation
Read it all · about 1 min
Take the simple past form — बना, लिखी, धुले — and add हुआ, हुई or हुए: the result is an adjective for something an action has already happened to. लिखी हुई चिट्ठी, “a written letter”; टूटा हुआ गिलास, “a broken glass”; धुले हुए कपड़े, “washed clothes”. Both halves agree with the noun.
From an intransitive verb it describes the position or condition someone is in: वह बैठा हुआ है, “he is sitting there”; मैं थका हुआ हूँ, “I am tired”; दुकान खुली हुई है, “the shop is open”. English uses an adjective or an “-ing” form here; Hindi uses the result of the action.
That is the difference from -ता हुआ, which is an action still going on: गिरते हुए पत्तेare leaves on their way downगिरे हुए पत्तेare leaves lying on the ground In the same way वह बैठ रहा है is “he is sitting down”, but वह बैठा हुआ है “he is sitting there”.
Who did it can be added in front with का, की, के, agreeing with the noun: माँ का बनाया हुआ खाना, “food mother made”; मेरी लिखी हुई कहानी, “a story I wrote”. Irregular pasts keep their irregular form: किया हुआ, दिया हुआ, लिया हुआ.
A closer look
Falling leaves and fallen leaves
-ता हुआ and -आ हुआ are two halves of one idea. One shows an action in progress, the other its result: जलती हुई मोमबत्ती, “a burning candle”; जली हुई मोमबत्ती, “a burnt-down candle”. उबलता हुआ पानी is on the stove; उबला हुआ पानी has been boiled and may well be cold by now.
With verbs of position the result form is the everyday way of saying where someone is: खड़ा is already an adjective, “standing”, and बैठा हुआ, लेटा हुआ and सोया हुआ work in the same way.
Short forms
As with -ता हुआ, हुआ is often left out before a noun: उबला अंडा, “a boiled egg”; पका आम, “a ripe mango”. After है it is often dropped too: दरवाज़ा खुला है means the same as दरवाज़ा खुला हुआ है.
Worth knowing (2)
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Doubled: पढ़ा-लिखा
Two participles joined with a hyphen make a fixed adjective: पढ़ा-लिखा, “educated”; बना-बनाया, “ready-made”; सोचा-समझा, “well thought out”. They agree like any adjective in -ा.
उसके पिता पढ़े-लिखे आदमी हैं।His father is an educated man.
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No ने inside the participle
A participle is an adjective, so its doer never takes ने: मेरा लिखा हुआ ख़त, not मैंने लिखा हुआ ख़त.
यह मेरा बनाया हुआ केक है।This is a cake I made.
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