Hindi verbs: the perfective and the polite imperative, family by family
All 106, each with the infinitive, the perfective (the form of the simple past), the polite imperative, the English meaning and an example sentence — sorted by the way the stem meets its ending, not by the alphabet.
Why sorted like this
Almost every Hindi verb is regular. Take -nā off the infinitive and the stem is left; the perfective adds -ā and the polite imperative -ie. What differs from verb to verb is the join: a stem ending in a consonant takes the endings as they are, a stem ending in a vowel slips a y in, a stem in a long ī or ū shortens it, and five of the commonest verbs go their own way. That is why these 106 are sorted by family rather than by the alphabet — once you know the join, you know every member.
The other thing each verb has to be learnt with is not a form at all: whether its subject takes ne in the past. A verb that can take an object does, and then agrees with the object; a verb that cannot does not, and agrees with its subject. The note under every verb says which it is.
106 verbs.
Stems ending in a consonant: बोला, बोलिए
65 verbsTake -ना off the infinitive and the stem is left: बोलना, बोल. When it ends in a consonant, nothing changes at the join. The perfective adds -ा for a masculine singular, -ी for a feminine singular, -े for a masculine plural and for आप, and -ीं for a feminine plural: बोला, बोली, बोले, बोलीं. The polite imperative adds -िए: बोलिए, बैठिए, लिखिए; the one for तुम adds -ो: बोलो. Most Hindi verbs are in this family, and in all of them the only thing that needs learning is whether the verb takes ने in the past. The hidden a at the end of the stem is not pronounced, and stays silent when an ending is added: बोला is said bolā.
| Infinitive | Perfective | Polite imperative | English | Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| बोलना | बोला | बोलिए | to speak, to say | A1 |
आप बहुत अच्छी हिंदी बोलते हैं।You speak very good Hindi. Often without ने, though it can have an object: वह कुछ नहीं बोला, “he said nothing”. उसने सच बोला is also right. | ||||
| कहना | कहा | कहिए | to say, to tell | A1 |
उसने कहा कि वह कल आएगा।He said that he would come tomorrow. Transitive: मैंने कहा. The person you tell takes से, not को: मैंने उससे कहा. | ||||
| लिखना | लिखा | लिखिए | to write | A1 |
मैंने माँ को एक चिट्ठी लिखी।I wrote a letter to my mother. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — उसने दो ईमेल लिखे. | ||||
| पढ़ना | पढ़ा | पढ़िए | to read; to study | A1 |
मेरी बहन दिल्ली में पढ़ती है।My sister studies in Delhi. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — मैंने अख़बार पढ़ा. | ||||
| देखना | देखा | देखिए | to see, to look at, to watch | A1 |
कल रात हमने एक पुरानी फ़िल्म देखी।Last night we watched an old film. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — हमने फ़िल्म देखी. | ||||
| सुनना | सुना | सुनिए | to hear, to listen | A1 |
सुनिए, यह बस कहाँ जाती है?Excuse me, where does this bus go? Transitive: मैंने गाना सुना. सुनिए on its own is how you catch a stranger’s attention. | ||||
| बैठना | बैठा | बैठिए | to sit (down) | A1 |
आइए, यहाँ बैठिए।Come in, sit here. Intransitive: no ने; the past agrees with the subject — वह खिड़की के पास बैठी. | ||||
| चलना | चला | चलिए | to walk, to go, to move | A1 |
चलिए, अब घर चलते हैं।Come on, let’s go home now. Intransitive: no ने; the past agrees with the subject — ट्रेन समय पर चली. | ||||
| रहना | रहा | रहिए | to live, to stay | A1 |
हम दो साल से पुणे में रहते हैं।We have been living in Pune for two years. Intransitive: वे वहाँ एक महीना रहे. The same word is the helper of the continuous: मैं खा रहा हूँ. | ||||
| मिलना | मिला | मिलिए | to meet; to be found, to get | A1 |
इनसे मिलिए, ये मेरी दोस्त सीमा हैं।Let me introduce my friend Seema. Intransitive: no ने. You meet somebody से: मैं राहुल से मिला. For “to get”, the thing got is the subject and the person takes को: मुझे टिकट मिला. | ||||
| खेलना | खेला | खेलिए | to play | A1 |
बच्चे शाम को पार्क में खेलते हैं।The children play in the park in the evening. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — बच्चों ने क्रिकेट खेला. | ||||
| समझना | समझा | समझिए | to understand | A1 |
माफ़ कीजिए, मैं नहीं समझा।Sorry, I didn’t understand. Both ways: मैं समझा and मैंने समझा are right, and with an object ने is usual. A woman says मैं नहीं समझी. | ||||
| पूछना | पूछा | पूछिए | to ask | A1 |
मैंने एक आदमी से रास्ता पूछा।I asked a man the way. Transitive: उसने एक सवाल पूछा. The person asked takes से: उनसे पूछिए. | ||||
| रखना | रखा | रखिए | to put, to keep | A1 |
चाबी मेज़ पर रखिए।Put the key on the table. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — मैंने चाबी बैग में रखी. | ||||
| उठना | उठा | उठिए | to get up, to rise | A1 |
मैं रोज़ छह बजे उठता हूँ।I get up at six every day. Intransitive: no ने; the past agrees with the subject — वह आज जल्दी उठी. | ||||
| सोचना | सोचा | सोचिए | to think | A1 |
ज़रा सोचिए, फिर बताइए।Think about it, then tell me. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — मैंने बहुत सोचा. | ||||
| सीखना | सीखा | सीखिए | to learn | A1 |
मैं हिंदी सीख रहा हूँ।I am learning Hindi. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — उसने तैरना सीखा. | ||||
| खोलना | खोला | खोलिए | to open | A1 |
कृपया खिड़की खोलिए।Please open the window. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — मैंने दरवाज़ा खोला. | ||||
| पहुँचना | पहुँचा | पहुँचिए | to arrive, to reach | A1 |
ट्रेन समय पर पहुँची।The train arrived on time. Intransitive: हम रात को पहुँचे. The place needs no postposition, or पर: वह घर पहुँचा. | ||||
| ख़रीदना | ख़रीदा | ख़रीदिए | to buy | A1 |
मैंने बाज़ार से सब्ज़ियाँ ख़रीदीं।I bought vegetables at the market. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — उसने एक क़मीज़ ख़रीदी. | ||||
| पहनना | पहना | पहनिए | to wear, to put on | A1 |
आज ठंड है, स्वेटर पहनिए।It is cold today — put a jumper on. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — उसने लाल साड़ी पहनी. | ||||
| घूमना | घूमा | घूमिए | to go round, to stroll, to travel | A1 |
छुट्टियों में हम राजस्थान घूमे।In the holidays we travelled round Rajasthan. Intransitive: no ने; the past agrees with the subject — हम शाम को बाज़ार में घूमे. | ||||
| जानना | जाना | जानिए | to know | A1 |
क्या आप उसका पता जानते हैं?Do you know his address? Transitive, and rare in the simple past, where it means “came to know”. Its perfective जाना looks exactly like the verb “to go”; “I knew” is मैं जानता था. | ||||
| रुकना | रुका | रुकिए | to stop, to wait | A1 |
एक मिनट रुकिए, मैं अभी आता हूँ।Wait a minute, I’m just coming. Intransitive: no ने; the past agrees with the subject — बस स्टेशन पर रुकी. | ||||
| लौटना | लौटा | लौटिए | to come back, to return | A2 |
पापा रात को देर से लौटे।Dad came back late at night. Intransitive: no ने; the past agrees with the subject — वह कल लौटी. | ||||
| बदलना | बदला | बदलिए | to change | A2 |
शहर बहुत बदल गया है।The town has changed a lot. Both: without an object it is intransitive (मौसम बदला, the weather changed), with one it takes ने (मैंने कपड़े बदले). | ||||
| भेजना | भेजा | भेजिए | to send | A2 |
मैंने आपको ईमेल भेजा है।I have sent you an email. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — माँ ने पैसे भेजे. | ||||
| बेचना | बेचा | बेचिए | to sell | A2 |
वह स्टेशन के पास चाय बेचता है।He sells tea near the station. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — हमने पुरानी गाड़ी बेची. | ||||
| पकड़ना | पकड़ा | पकड़िए | to catch, to hold | A2 |
पुलिस ने चोर को पकड़ा।The police caught the thief. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — मैंने आठ बजे की बस पकड़ी. | ||||
| छोड़ना | छोड़ा | छोड़िए | to leave, to let go; to drop off | A2 |
मैं बच्चों को स्कूल छोड़ता हूँ।I drop the children off at school. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — उसने नौकरी छोड़ी. | ||||
| तोड़ना | तोड़ा | तोड़िए | to break | A2 |
किसने यह गिलास तोड़ा?Who broke this glass? Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — बच्चे ने खिड़की तोड़ी. | ||||
| भूलना | भूला | भूलिए | to forget | A2 |
मैं उसका नाम भूल गया।I have forgotten his name. No ने, although it has an object, and mostly as भूल जाना: मैं भूल गया. भूलिए मत is “don’t forget”. | ||||
| जीतना | जीता | जीतिए | to win | A2 |
हमारी टीम ने मैच जीता।Our team won the match. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — उसने पहला इनाम जीता. | ||||
| हारना | हारा | हारिए | to lose (a game) | A2 |
हम फ़ाइनल में तीन रन से हारे।We lost the final by three runs. Usually without ने: हम हारे, हम हार गए. With the game as its object ने is also heard: उन्होंने मैच हारा. | ||||
| जागना | जागा | जागिए | to wake up, to be awake | A2 |
बच्चा रात को दो बार जागा।The baby woke up twice in the night. Intransitive: no ने; the past agrees with the subject — मैं पाँच बजे जागी. | ||||
| दौड़ना | दौड़ा | दौड़िए | to run | A2 |
वह हर सुबह पार्क में दौड़ता है।He runs in the park every morning. Intransitive: no ने; the past agrees with the subject — बच्चे बाहर दौड़े. | ||||
| नाचना | नाचा | नाचिए | to dance | A2 |
शादी में सब लोग नाचे।Everyone danced at the wedding. Intransitive: no ने; the past agrees with the subject — वह रात भर नाची. | ||||
| हँसना | हँसा | हँसिए | to laugh | A2 |
उसकी बात सुनकर सब हँसे।Everyone laughed at what he said. Intransitive: no ने; the past agrees with the subject — वह ज़ोर से हँसी. | ||||
| माँगना | माँगा | माँगिए | to ask for | A2 |
मैंने वेटर से पानी माँगा।I asked the waiter for water. Transitive: उसने माफ़ी माँगी. The person asked takes से. | ||||
| गिनना | गिना | गिनिए | to count | A2 |
पैसे गिनिए, फिर रसीद दीजिए।Count the money, then give me the receipt. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — मैंने पैसे दो बार गिने. | ||||
| ढूँढना | ढूँढा | ढूँढिए | to look for, to search | A2 |
मैं अपना चश्मा ढूँढ रहा हूँ।I’m looking for my glasses. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — हमने हर जगह ढूँढा. | ||||
| बनना | बना | बनिए | to become; to be made | A2 |
वह डॉक्टर बनना चाहती है।She wants to become a doctor. Intransitive: यह मंदिर सौ साल पहले बना. Its partner बनाना, to make, takes ने. | ||||
| चुनना | चुना | चुनिए | to choose | A2 |
कोई भी एक रंग चुनिए।Choose any one colour. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — मैंने नीला रंग चुना. | ||||
| काटना | काटा | काटिए | to cut; to bite | A2 |
माँ ने सब्ज़ी काटी।Mother cut up the vegetables. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — उसने केक काटा. | ||||
| फेंकना | फेंका | फेंकिए | to throw | A2 |
कचरा यहाँ मत फेंकिए।Don’t throw rubbish here. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — उसने गेंद फेंकी. | ||||
| उतरना | उतरा | उतरिए | to get off, to come down | A2 |
अगले स्टॉप पर उतरिए।Get off at the next stop. Intransitive: no ने; the past agrees with the subject — हम बस से उतरे. | ||||
| चढ़ना | चढ़ा | चढ़िए | to climb, to get on | A2 |
हम सीढ़ियाँ चढ़कर ऊपर पहुँचे।We climbed the stairs and got to the top. Intransitive: no ने; the past agrees with the subject — वह बस में चढ़ी. | ||||
| निकलना | निकला | निकलिए | to come out, to set off | A2 |
हम सुबह सात बजे घर से निकले।We left home at seven in the morning. Intransitive: no ने; the past agrees with the subject — सूरज निकला. | ||||
| मुड़ना | मुड़ा | मुड़िए | to turn | A2 |
अगले चौराहे से बाएँ मुड़िए।Turn left at the next crossroads. Intransitive: no ने; the past agrees with the subject — गाड़ी दाएँ मुड़ी. | ||||
| डरना | डरा | डरिए | to be afraid | A2 |
डरिए मत, कुत्ता काटता नहीं है।Don’t be afraid, the dog doesn’t bite. Intransitive: बच्चा डरा. What you are afraid of takes से: मैं कुत्तों से डरता हूँ. | ||||
| भागना | भागा | भागिए | to run away, to rush | A2 |
बारिश शुरू हुई तो सब अंदर भागे।When the rain started, everyone ran inside. Intransitive: no ने; the past agrees with the subject — चोर भागा. | ||||
| तैरना | तैरा | तैरिए | to swim | A2 |
मछलियाँ पानी में तैर रही हैं।The fish are swimming in the water. Intransitive: no ने; the past agrees with the subject — हम नदी में तैरे. | ||||
| पहचानना | पहचाना | पहचानिए | to recognise | A2 |
आपने मुझे पहचाना?Did you recognise me? Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — मैंने उसकी आवाज़ पहचानी. | ||||
| भरना | भरा | भरिए | to fill; to fill in | A2 |
यह फ़ॉर्म भरिए और यहाँ साइन कीजिए।Fill in this form and sign here. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — मैंने बोतल में पानी भरा. | ||||
| निकालना | निकाला | निकालिए | to take out | A2 |
अपना टिकट निकालिए, जाँच हो रही है।Take out your ticket, there is a check. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — उसने जेब से पैसे निकाले. | ||||
| चाहना | चाहा | चाहिए | to want; to love | A2 |
मैं चाय पीना चाहता हूँ।I want to drink tea. Transitive: उसने हमेशा यही चाहा. Its polite imperative is spelt like चाहिए, “is needed”, and is hardly ever a command; मुझे चाहिए is a construction of its own. | ||||
| बचना | बचा | बचिए | to escape, to avoid; to be left over | B1 |
धूप से बचिए, आज बहुत गर्मी है।Keep out of the sun, it is very hot today. Intransitive: no ने; the past agrees with the subject — थोड़ा खाना बचा. | ||||
| मानना | माना | मानिए | to accept, to agree, to believe | B1 |
मेरी बात मानिए, डॉक्टर के पास जाइए।Take my advice and go to the doctor. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — उसने अपनी ग़लती मानी. | ||||
| बाँटना | बाँटा | बाँटिए | to share, to hand out | B1 |
टीचर ने बच्चों में मिठाई बाँटी।The teacher handed out sweets among the children. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — हमने खाना आपस में बाँटा. | ||||
| जोड़ना | जोड़ा | जोड़िए | to join, to add up | B1 |
ये सारी रक़में जोड़िए।Add up all these amounts. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — मैंने दोनों तार जोड़े. | ||||
| खींचना | खींचा | खींचिए | to pull; to take (a photo) | B1 |
क्या आप हमारी एक फ़ोटो खींचेंगे?Would you take a photo of us? Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — उसने बहुत सी फ़ोटो खींचीं. | ||||
| ठहरना | ठहरा | ठहरिए | to stay, to wait | B1 |
हम एक छोटे होटल में ठहरे।We stayed in a small hotel. Intransitive: no ने; the past agrees with the subject — मेहमान दो दिन ठहरे. | ||||
| हटना | हटा | हटिए | to move aside, to get out of the way | B1 |
हटिए, गाड़ी आ रही है।Move aside, a car is coming. Intransitive: no ने; the past agrees with the subject — वह थोड़ा पीछे हटा. | ||||
| चखना | चखा | चखिए | to taste | B1 |
यह दाल चखिए, बहुत स्वादिष्ट है।Taste this dal, it is delicious. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — मैंने पहली बार आम का अचार चखा. | ||||
| उतारना | उतारा | उतारिए | to take off, to take down | B1 |
मंदिर में जाने से पहले जूते उतारिए।Take your shoes off before you go into the temple. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — मैंने जूते उतारे. | ||||
Stems ending in -ा or -ो: खाया, खाइए
33 verbsWhen the stem ends in a vowel — खा, आ, सो, बता — two vowels would meet at the join, and Hindi slips a य between them in the masculine singular: खाया, आया, सोया. The other three endings are written as the vowels themselves: खाई, खाए, खाईं. The spelling on this site writes -ए and -ई there, not -ये and -यी: गए, आई — you will see the other spelling in older print, and it is the same word. The polite imperative is the stem with -इए: खाइए, आइए, सोइए. The many verbs in -ाना that are built from another verb — बनना, to become, and बनाना, to make; सीखना, to learn, and सिखाना, to teach — are all in this family, and almost all of them take ने.
| Infinitive | Perfective | Polite imperative | English | Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| खाना | खाया | खाइए | to eat | A1 |
हमने दोपहर में दाल-चावल खाया।We had dal and rice at lunchtime. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — मैंने दो रोटियाँ खाईं. | ||||
| आना | आया | आइए | to come | A1 |
आइए, अंदर आइए!Come in, please! Intransitive: no ने; the past agrees with the subject — मेहमान शाम को आए. | ||||
| लाना | लाया | लाइए | to bring | A1 |
एक गिलास पानी लाइए।Bring a glass of water, please. No ने, although it has an object — it is really ले आना, “to take and come”: वह फूल लाया, not उसने फूल लाया. | ||||
| गाना | गाया | गाइए | to sing | A1 |
उसने एक पुराना गाना गाया।She sang an old song. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — बच्चों ने मिलकर गाया. | ||||
| सोना | सोया | सोइए | to sleep | A1 |
मैं कल रात देर से सोया।I went to bed late last night. Intransitive: no ने; the past agrees with the subject — बच्चे जल्दी सोए. | ||||
| धोना | धोया | धोइए | to wash | A1 |
खाने से पहले हाथ धोइए।Wash your hands before eating. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — मैंने कपड़े धोए. | ||||
| नहाना | नहाया | नहाइए | to bathe, to have a shower | A1 |
मैं रोज़ सुबह नहाता हूँ।I have a shower every morning. Intransitive, and the past is usually without ने: मैं नहाया. मैंने नहाया is also heard. | ||||
| बताना | बताया | बताइए | to tell, to let know | A1 |
मुझे रास्ता बताइए।Please tell me the way. Transitive: उसने मुझे सब कुछ बताया. The person told takes को. | ||||
| दिखाना | दिखाया | दिखाइए | to show | A1 |
अपना पासपोर्ट दिखाइए।Show your passport, please. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — उसने मुझे अपनी फ़ोटो दिखाई. | ||||
| बुलाना | बुलाया | बुलाइए | to call, to invite | A1 |
डॉक्टर को बुलाइए!Call the doctor! Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — हमने दोस्तों को बुलाया. | ||||
| बनाना | बनाया | बनाइए | to make, to cook | A1 |
आज मैंने खीर बनाई।Today I made kheer. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — उसने चाय बनाई. | ||||
| समझाना | समझाया | समझाइए | to explain | A2 |
टीचर ने नियम दोबारा समझाया।The teacher explained the rule again. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — उसने मुझे सारी बात समझाई. | ||||
| सिखाना | सिखाया | सिखाइए | to teach (a skill) | A2 |
पापा ने मुझे साइकिल चलाना सिखाया।Dad taught me to ride a bicycle. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — उसने मुझे हिंदी सिखाई. | ||||
| पढ़ाना | पढ़ाया | पढ़ाइए | to teach (a subject) | A2 |
मेरी माँ स्कूल में गणित पढ़ाती हैं।My mother teaches maths at a school. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — उन्होंने हमें इतिहास पढ़ाया. | ||||
| उठाना | उठाया | उठाइए | to lift, to pick up | A2 |
फ़ोन उठाइए, कोई बात करना चाहता है।Pick up the phone, somebody wants to talk. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — मैंने भारी बैग उठाया. | ||||
| लगाना | लगाया | लगाइए | to put on, to apply, to fix | A2 |
दीवार पर यह तस्वीर लगाइए।Put this picture up on the wall. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — हमने बगीचे में पौधे लगाए. | ||||
| चलाना | चलाया | चलाइए | to drive, to operate | A2 |
धीरे चलाइए, सड़क गीली है।Drive slowly, the road is wet. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — उसने गाड़ी चलाई. | ||||
| जगाना | जगाया | जगाइए | to wake (somebody) up | A2 |
मुझे छह बजे जगाइए।Wake me at six, please. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — माँ ने मुझे जगाया. | ||||
| बचाना | बचाया | बचाइए | to save, to rescue | A2 |
हम हर महीने कुछ पैसे बचाते हैं।We save some money every month. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — उसने बच्चे को बचाया. | ||||
| लौटाना | लौटाया | लौटाइए | to give back, to return | A2 |
कल मेरी किताब लौटाइए।Give me my book back tomorrow. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — मैंने उसके पैसे लौटाए. | ||||
| बिताना | बिताया | बिताइए | to spend (time) | A2 |
हमने छुट्टियाँ गाँव में बिताईं।We spent the holidays in the village. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — हमने एक हफ़्ता वहाँ बिताया. | ||||
| कमाना | कमाया | कमाइए | to earn | A2 |
वह अच्छे पैसे कमाता है।He earns good money. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — उसने बहुत पैसा कमाया. | ||||
| मनाना | मनाया | मनाइए | to celebrate; to persuade | A2 |
हम होली धूमधाम से मनाते हैं।We celebrate Holi in a big way. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — हमने उसका जन्मदिन मनाया. | ||||
| दोहराना | दोहराया | दोहराइए | to repeat | A2 |
कृपया यह वाक्य दोहराइए।Please repeat this sentence. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — उसने सवाल दोहराया. | ||||
| बजाना | बजाया | बजाइए | to play (an instrument), to ring | A2 |
वह बहुत अच्छा तबला बजाता है।He plays the tabla very well. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — किसी ने घंटी बजाई. | ||||
| रोना | रोया | रोइए | to cry | A2 |
फ़िल्म देखकर वह बहुत रोई।She cried a lot watching the film. Intransitive: no ने; the past agrees with the subject — बच्चा रात भर रोया. | ||||
| मिलाना | मिलाया | मिलाइए | to mix; to introduce | B1 |
दूध में थोड़ी चीनी मिलाइए।Stir a little sugar into the milk. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — उसने मुझे अपने भाई से मिलाया. | ||||
| सुनाना | सुनाया | सुनाइए | to tell (a story), to recite | B1 |
दादी ने हमें एक कहानी सुनाई।Grandmother told us a story. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — उसने एक गाना सुनाया. | ||||
| सजाना | सजाया | सजाइए | to decorate | B1 |
दिवाली पर हमने घर सजाया।We decorated the house for Diwali. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — उन्होंने कमरा फूलों से सजाया. | ||||
| बढ़ाना | बढ़ाया | बढ़ाइए | to increase, to raise | B1 |
आवाज़ थोड़ी बढ़ाइए।Turn the volume up a little. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — कंपनी ने दाम बढ़ाए. | ||||
| पाना | पाया | पाइए | to get, to obtain | B1 |
उसने परीक्षा में पहला स्थान पाया।She came first in the exam. Transitive: उसने इनाम पाया. After the stem of another verb it means “to manage to”, and then has no ने: मैं नहीं आ पाया. | ||||
| हटाना | हटाया | हटाइए | to remove, to move away | B1 |
मेज़ से ये किताबें हटाइए।Move these books off the table. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — उसने गाड़ी हटाई. | ||||
| जलाना | जलाया | जलाइए | to light, to burn | B1 |
दिवाली पर हम दीपक जलाते हैं।At Diwali we light oil lamps. Transitive: in the past the subject takes ने and the verb agrees with the object — मैंने मोमबत्ती जलाई. | ||||
Stems in a long -ी or -ू: पिया, छुआ
3 verbsThree common verbs have a stem in a long vowel: पीना, to drink, जीना, to live, and छूना, to touch. Before an ending that begins with a vowel the long vowel becomes short: पिया, पिए; छुआ, छुए. Where nothing follows, it stays long: the feminine is simply पी and छुई, the feminine plural पीं. The same shortening happens in the future, पिएगा, छुएगा. In the polite imperative the stems in -ी take -जिए — पीजिए, जीजिए — and the one in -ू takes the ordinary -इए after its short vowel: छुइए.
| Infinitive | Perfective | Polite imperative | English | Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| पीना | पिया | पीजिए | to drink | A1 |
आप चाय पिएँगे या कॉफ़ी?Will you have tea or coffee? Transitive: मैंने पानी पिया, उसने चाय पी. The polite imperative is पीजिए, like कीजिए, दीजिए and लीजिए. | ||||
| छूना | छुआ | छुइए | to touch | A2 |
कृपया इन चीज़ों को मत छुइए।Please don’t touch these things. Transitive: बच्चे ने गरम तवे को छुआ. Touching the feet of an elder, पैर छूना, is a greeting of respect. | ||||
| जीना | जिया | जीजिए | to live (to be alive) | B1 |
मेरे दादा नब्बे साल तक जिए।My grandfather lived to ninety. Intransitive: वे लंबी उम्र जिए. Living in a place is रहना, not जीना. | ||||
The five irregular verbs
5 verbsFive verbs, all among the commonest in the language, build their perfective in a way no rule predicts. जाना, to go, takes it from another root: गया, गई, गए, गईं. करना, देना and लेना have किया, दिया and लिया, and होना has हुआ. The same four but जाना have a polite imperative in -जिए or an odd stem: कीजिए, दीजिए, लीजिए, होइए — जाइए is regular. Everything else about them is regular: जाता है, करेगा, देकर. They are worth learning first, not last, because करना and होना build hundreds of other verbs out of nouns and adjectives: बात करना, to talk; शुरू होना, to begin.
| Infinitive | Perfective | Polite imperative | English | Level |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| जाना | गया | जाइए | to go | A1 |
कल हम आगरा गए।Yesterday we went to Agra. Intransitive: no ने — वह गई, “she went”. Only the past comes from another root; everything else is regular: जाता, जाएगा, जाइए. | ||||
| करना | किया | कीजिए | to do | A1 |
छुट्टी में आपने क्या किया?What did you do in the holidays? Transitive: मैंने काम किया. Past किया, की, किए, कीं; polite कीजिए, in speech also करिए. It makes hundreds of verbs from nouns: बात करना, इंतज़ार करना. | ||||
| देना | दिया | दीजिए | to give | A1 |
मुझे एक टिकट दीजिए।One ticket, please. Transitive: उसने मुझे किताब दी. Past दिया, दी, दिए, दीं; the subjunctive is दूँ, दे, दें, दो. | ||||
| लेना | लिया | लीजिए | to take | A1 |
लीजिए, यह आपकी चाय है।Here you are — this is your tea. Transitive: मैंने टिकट लिया. Past लिया, ली, लिए, लीं. लीजिए is also what you say as you hand something over. | ||||
| होना | हुआ | होइए | to be, to become, to happen | A1 |
क्या हुआ? सब ठीक है?What happened? Is everything all right? Intransitive. Present हूँ, है, हैं, हो, past था; the perfective हुआ means “happened, came about”: शादी हुई. The polite होइए (तैयार होइए) is more often said as हो जाइए. | ||||
Practise the perfective and the polite imperative
One verb and its meaning, two forms to write: the perfective, masculine singular, and the polite imperative. Devanagari or transliteration both count.