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C2  ·  45 words

Philosophy of science

Hypothesis, testability, explanation — the German words for what makes a claim scientific.

Die Stringenz looks like English « stringency » and praises something else. « Stringency » is strictness imposed from outside: stringent rules, stringent safety standards, a stringent budget. In German the word belongs above all to an argument and describes how it hangs together — each step following compellingly from the one before, nothing left to goodwill. Die Stringenz des Beweises is the rigour of a proof; eine stringente Argumentation is tightly reasoned, not harsh. For strict rules and demanding standards German reaches for streng: strenge Auflagen, strenge Kriterien, die Strenge. So a reviewer who finds a paper lacking in Stringenz is not asking for tougher methods but for a line of reasoning with no gap in it — the kind that leaves no room for eine Immunisierungsstrategie.

The words

Verb (4)

falsifizierento falsify (show to be false)VerbC2
Ein einziger schwarzer Schwan genügt, um den Satz zu falsifizieren, alle Schwäne seien weiß.A single black swan is enough to falsify the claim that all swans are white.

Forging documents or data is fälschen, not falsifizieren.

verifizierento verify (show to be true)VerbC1
Einen Allsatz kann man durch noch so viele Beobachtungen nicht endgültig verifizieren.No number of observations can conclusively verify a universal statement.
replizierento replicate (a study)VerbC2
Das spektakuläre Ergebnis ließ sich in keinem anderen Labor replizieren.The spectacular result could not be replicated in any other lab.
sich bewährento hold up (under testing)VerbC2
Die Theorie hat sich bisher in jedem Test bewährt.So far the theory has held up in every test.

Reflexive. A theory that has survived testing is bewährt, not bewiesen.

This list belongs to Thinking and arguing — ten lists and 443 words that can also be practised as a whole.

Practise this list

Multiple choice and gaps, drawn from exactly these 45 words. Whatever you get wrong comes back tomorrow.