C2 · 50 words
Thermodynamics in Spanish
State variables, cycles and entropy — the language of a science about limits.
La conducción on this page is heat moving through matter that stays still, and « conduction » says exactly that. Outside the laboratory the Spanish word goes somewhere English never follows: la conducción is driving a car. El permiso de conducción is a driving licence, conducción temeraria is reckless driving, and conducir is the ordinary verb for it. The two senses share one idea — leading something along a path — but no English sentence about conduction has ever been about a road.
The words
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Phrase (42)
el sistema termodinámicothe piece of the world one draws a line around firstPhraseC2
El sistema termodinámico se define antes que nada.The thermodynamic system is defined before anything else.
el sistema aisladothe system that exchanges neither matter nor energyPhraseC2
El sistema aislado no intercambia ni materia ni energía.The isolated system exchanges neither matter nor energy.
el entorno del sistemaeverything outside the line, which takes the heat given offPhraseC2
El entorno del sistema recibe el calor cedido.The surroundings take the heat given off.
la variable de estadothe quantity that depends on where a system is, not how it got therePhraseC2
La variable de estado no depende del camino recorrido.A state variable does not depend on the path taken.
la función de procesothe quantity that does depend on the road takenPhraseC2
La función de proceso sí depende de cómo se llegó.A process function does depend on how one arrived.
la energía internathe energy inside, which changes only by heat or by workPhraseC2
La energía interna solo cambia por calor o trabajo.The internal energy changes only by heat or by work.
el calor intercambiadothe energy handed across the boundary, measured in joulesPhraseC2
El calor intercambiado se mide en julios.The heat exchanged is measured in joules.
el trabajo de expansiónthe work a gas does pushing a piston outPhraseC2
El trabajo de expansión lo hace el gas contra el pistón.The work of expansion is done by the gas against the piston.
el primer principiothe law that energy is conservedPhraseC2
El primer principio es la conservación de la energía.The first law is the conservation of energy.
el segundo principiothe law that gives events a directionPhraseC2
El segundo principio marca la dirección del tiempo.The second law marks the direction of time.
el tercer principiothe law that puts absolute zero out of reachPhraseC2
El tercer principio hace inalcanzable el cero absoluto.The third law puts absolute zero out of reach.
el equilibrio térmicothe state reached when the flow between two bodies stopsPhraseC2
El equilibrio térmico se alcanza cuando cesa el flujo.Thermal equilibrium is reached when the flow stops.
la entropía de configuraciónthe part of it that counts arrangementsPhraseC2
La entropía de configuración cuenta microestados.Configurational entropy counts microstates.
la energía libre de Gibbsthe quantity that decides whether a reaction goes forwardPhraseC2
La energía libre de Gibbs decide si la reacción avanza.The Gibbs free energy decides whether the reaction goes forward.
el potencial químicothe quantity that levels out between phases in equilibriumPhraseC2
El potencial químico iguala las fases en equilibrio.The chemical potential levels out between phases in equilibrium.
el proceso reversiblethe change that could be run backwards, which is an idealisationPhraseC2
El proceso reversible es una idealización útil.The reversible process is a useful idealisation.
el proceso irreversiblethe change that could not, and makes entropy on the wayPhraseC2
El proceso irreversible genera entropía.The irreversible process generates entropy.
el proceso adiabáticothe change in which no heat crosses the boundaryPhraseC2
El proceso adiabático no intercambia calor.The adiabatic process exchanges no heat.
el proceso isotermothe change that holds the temperature fixedPhraseC2
El proceso isotermo mantiene la temperatura.The isothermal process holds the temperature.
el proceso isócorothe change at fixed volume, which does no work of expansionPhraseC2
El proceso isócoro no hace trabajo de volumen.The isochoric process does no work of volume.
el proceso isobáricothe change at fixed pressurePhraseC2
El proceso isobárico se da a presión constante.The isobaric process happens at constant pressure.
el ciclo de Carnotthe cycle that sets the ceiling nothing can passPhraseC2
El ciclo de Carnot marca el rendimiento máximo.The Carnot cycle marks the highest efficiency.
el rendimiento térmicothe fraction of the heat that comes out as workPhraseC2
El rendimiento térmico nunca llega al cien por cien.Thermal efficiency never reaches a hundred per cent.
la máquina térmicathe engine that needs a hot side and a cold onePhraseC2
La máquina térmica necesita dos focos.The heat engine needs two reservoirs.
el foco fríothe cold side, which takes the heat that was not usedPhraseC2
El foco frío recibe el calor no aprovechado.The cold reservoir takes the heat that was not used.
la bomba de calorthe machine that carries heat the wrong way up the slopePhraseC2
La bomba de calor mueve calor contra el gradiente.The heat pump moves heat against the gradient.
el coeficiente de rendimientothe ratio for that machine, which is greater than onePhraseC2
El coeficiente de rendimiento supera la unidad.The coefficient of performance is greater than one.
la capacidad caloríficathe heat a substance needs for one degree, high in waterPhraseC2
La capacidad calorífica del agua es alta.The heat capacity of water is high.
el calor latentethe heat taken in with no rise in temperature at allPhraseC2
El calor latente se absorbe sin subir la temperatura.Latent heat is absorbed without raising the temperature.
el cambio de fasethe passage from one phase to another, at a fixed temperaturePhraseC2
El cambio de fase ocurre a temperatura constante.The phase change happens at constant temperature.
el diagrama de fasesthe map of which phase exists at which pressure and temperaturePhraseC2
El diagrama de fases muestra el punto triple.The phase diagram shows the triple point.
el punto triplethe one point on that map where all three meetPhraseC2
El punto triple reúne las tres fases.The triple point brings the three phases together.
el estado supercríticothe region beyond which liquid and gas are the same thingPhraseC2
En el estado supercrítico no hay diferencia entre líquido y gas.In the supercritical state there is no difference between liquid and gas.
el gas idealthe model that forgets the molecules have a sizePhraseC2
El gas ideal ignora el volumen de las moléculas.The ideal gas ignores the volume of the molecules.
la ecuación de estadothe relation that ties pressure, volume and temperature togetherPhraseC2
La ecuación de estado liga presión, volumen y temperatura.The equation of state ties pressure, volume and temperature together.
el gas realthe gas that departs from that relation under pressurePhraseC2
El gas real se aparta a alta presión.The real gas departs from it at high pressure.
la conducción térmicathe carrying of heat through matter that does not movePhraseC2
La conducción térmica no necesita movimiento de materia.Thermal conduction needs no movement of matter.
la radiación térmicathe carrying of heat that needs nothing in betweenPhraseC2
La radiación térmica atraviesa el vacío.Thermal radiation crosses a vacuum.
el cuerpo negrothe surface that takes in every ray that reaches itPhraseC2
El cuerpo negro absorbe toda la radiación incidente.The black body absorbs all the radiation that reaches it.
el gradiente de temperaturathe slope in temperature that drives the flowPhraseC2
El gradiente de temperatura impulsa el flujo.The temperature gradient drives the flow.
la disipación de energíathe turning of ordered work into heatPhraseC2
La disipación de energía convierte trabajo en calor.The dissipation of energy turns work into heat.
el cero absolutothe temperature nothing can be cooled belowPhraseC2
El cero absoluto se sitúa en menos doscientos setenta y tres grados.Absolute zero lies at minus two hundred and seventy-three degrees.
Noun (f) (6)
la termodinámicathe science of what cannot happenNoun (f)C2
La termodinámica describe lo que no puede ocurrir.Thermodynamics describes what cannot happen.
la entropíathe quantity of the universe that never fallsNoun (f)C2
La entropía del universo nunca disminuye.The entropy of the universe never decreases.
la entalpíathe quantity that is convenient when pressure is held fixedNoun (f)C2
La entalpía es útil a presión constante.Enthalpy is useful at constant pressure.
la convecciónthe carrying of heat by the fluid itselfNoun (f)C2
La convección transporta calor con el propio fluido.Convection carries heat with the fluid itself.
la emisividadthe fraction of that a real surface radiates, low on polished metalNoun (f)C2
La emisividad del aluminio pulido es baja.The emissivity of polished aluminium is low.
la exergíathe part of the energy that is actually available to be usedNoun (f)C2
La exergía mide la parte aprovechable de la energía.Exergy measures the usable part of the energy.
Noun (m) (2)
el microestadothe description that names every particle separatelyNoun (m)C2
El microestado describe cada partícula por separado.The microstate describes every particle separately.
el macroestadothe description that gives only pressure, volume and temperatureNoun (m)C2
El macroestado solo da presión, volumen y temperatura.The macrostate gives only pressure, volume and temperature.
This list belongs to Nature and natural sciences — 31 lists and 1550 words that can also be practised as a whole.
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