Agreeing, disagreeing, giving grounds and drawing conclusions.
These are the words for arguing a point: agreeing and disagreeing, giving grounds, conceding and drawing a conclusion. Several of the connectives — したがって, そのため, ただし — belong to careful speech and writing; in casual talk the same job is done by だから and でも. Watch かえって and 逆に: both announce a result that is the opposite of what was expected, which English usually marks only with "actually" or a change in tone.
The words
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Noun (26)
賛成agreement; being in favourNounN4
その案に賛成です。I'm in favour of that proposal.
Takes に: 計画に賛成する.
反対opposition; being againstNounN4
両親は私の留学に反対しています。My parents are against my studying abroad.
Also the opposite: 反対の意味.
同感feeling the same wayNounN3
彼女の話を聞いて、全く同感だと思いました。Listening to her, I felt exactly the same way.
Sharing a feeling or view; 賛成 is backing a proposal.
同意consent; agreementNounN3
契約の内容に同意して、サインしました。I agreed to the terms of the contract and signed.
主張claim; position; insistenceNounN3
彼は最後まで自分の主張を変えませんでした。He stuck to his position to the very end.
Also a verb: 主張する.
反論counter-argument; objectionNounN3
先生の意見に反論するのは勇気がいります。It takes courage to argue against the teacher's view.
否定denialNounN3
彼はその噂をはっきり否定しました。He flatly denied the rumour.
Also a verb: 否定する.
判断judgement; decisionNounN3
どちらがいいか、自分で判断してください。Please judge for yourself which is better.
Also a verb: 判断する.
評価evaluation; ratingNounN3
この店はネットでの評価が高いです。This restaurant gets high ratings online.
考えidea; thought; viewNounN4
それはいい考えですね。That's a good idea.
考え方way of thinkingNounN3
留学して、ものの考え方が変わりました。Studying abroad changed the way I look at things.
見方point of view; way of looking atNounN3
見方を変えれば、失敗もいい経験です。Seen another way, a failure is a useful experience too.
Also how to read something: 地図の見方.
根拠grounds; basisNounN3
その意見には根拠がありません。There are no grounds for that opinion.
理屈logic; reasoning (often as opposed to feeling)NounN3
理屈は分かるけれど、気持ちがついていきません。I follow the logic, but my feelings can't keep up.
論理logicNounN3
彼の説明は論理がはっきりしていて分かりやすいです。His explanation is clearly reasoned and easy to follow.
正論sound argument; what is right in principleNounN3
彼の言うことは正論ですが、実際には難しいです。What he says is right in principle, but hard to do in practice.
要点main point; gistNounN3
話の要点を三つにまとめてください。Please sum up the talk in three main points.
疑問question; doubtNounN3
説明を聞いても、まだ一つ疑問が残っています。Even after the explanation, I still have one question.
推測guess; suppositionNounN3
これは私の推測にすぎません。This is no more than my guess.
確信conviction; firm beliefNounN3
私は、彼が必ず来ると確信しています。I'm convinced that he will come.
間違いmistake; errorNounN4
この計算には間違いがあります。There is a mistake in this calculation.
誤りerror (formal)NounN3
報告書に誤りがあったので、訂正しました。There was an error in the report, so I corrected it.
More formal than 間違い.
例外exceptionNounN3
どんな規則にも例外があります。Every rule has its exceptions.
原則principle; general ruleNounN3
会議は原則として毎週月曜日に行います。As a rule, the meeting is held every Monday.
利点advantageNounN3
オンライン授業の利点は、どこでも受けられることです。The advantage of online lessons is that you can take them anywhere.
欠点drawback; flawNounN3
この車の欠点は燃費が悪いことです。The drawback of this car is that it uses a lot of fuel.
Adverb (6)
事実上in effect; practicallyAdverbN3
この計画は事実上中止になりました。This plan has, in effect, been dropped.
確かにcertainly; admittedlyAdverbN3
確かに便利ですが、値段が高すぎます。It's certainly convenient, but it's too expensive.
Often concedes a point before a が or けど.
仮にsupposing; if, sayAdverbN3
仮に百万円あったら、何に使いますか。Supposing you had a million yen, what would you spend it on?
たとえeven ifAdverbN3
たとえ反対されても、自分の道を選びます。Even if people oppose it, I will choose my own path.
Followed by 〜ても or 〜としても.
逆にon the contrary; converselyAdverbN3
薬を飲んだら、逆に気分が悪くなりました。I took the medicine and actually felt worse.
かえってinstead; if anything; on the contraryAdverbN3
タクシーで行ったら、渋滞でかえって遅くなりました。Taking a taxi actually made me later, because of the traffic.
An effort that produced the opposite of its aim.
Conjunction (5)
つまりin other words; that is to sayConjunctionN3
彼は母の弟、つまり私の叔父です。He is my mother's younger brother — in other words, my uncle.
したがってtherefore; consequentlyConjunctionN3
明日は祝日です。したがって、図書館は休館となります。Tomorrow is a public holiday. The library will therefore be closed.
Written and formal; in speech だから.
そのためfor that reason; as a resultConjunctionN3
大雪が降り、そのため電車が止まりました。There was heavy snow, and as a result the trains stopped.
ただしhowever; provided thatConjunctionN3
入場無料、ただし予約が必要です。Admission is free, but you must book.
Adds a condition or exception to what was just said.
一方on the other hand; whereasConjunctionN3
兄はとても活発です。一方、弟はおとなしい性格です。My elder brother is very lively. My younger brother, on the other hand, is quiet.
Often 一方で; also one side of a pair.
na-adjective (4)
明らかclear; obviousna-adjectiveN3
データを見れば、結果は明らかです。If you look at the data, the result is clear.
確実certain; reliablena-adjectiveN3
この方法なら確実に間に合います。This way we'll be sure to make it in time.
当然natural; only to be expectedna-adjectiveN3
約束を守るのは当然のことです。Keeping a promise is only natural.
Also an adverb: 当然反対した.
一般的general; usualna-adjectiveN3
日本では家の中で靴を脱ぐのが一般的です。In Japan it is usual to take your shoes off indoors.
This list belongs to Opinions and abstract words — seven lists and 281 words that can also be practised as a whole.
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Multiple choice and gaps, drawn from exactly these 41 words. Whatever you get wrong comes back tomorrow.