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B2  ·  28 words

Writing and arguing in French

The phrases that hold a piece of writing together.

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From these 28 words, as many per round as you like — up to all of them: first what is due today, then new ones. First you choose, then you fill the gap, then you write it yourself. Mistakes come back again shortly.

More about this list

One phrase in this list carries a rule that English has no way of showing. Il semble que is followed by the subjunctive: il semble que la réunion soit annulée, with soit and not est, because the writer is reporting an impression and standing back from it. Add a single pronoun and the mood changes: il me semble que la réunion est annulée takes the indicative, because me gives the impression an owner, and somebody who owns an impression is answering for it. Two sentences, one small word apart, and the whole degree of the writer’s responsibility for what follows sits in that word. English has one shape for both, « it seems that » and « it seems to me that », and the verb after them never moves. Two neighbours are worth keeping apart while learning this: il paraît que is hearsay, what people say, and takes the indicative; il se peut que is possibility, and takes the subjunctive always. The rule to carry away is that in French an impression with an owner is asserted, and an impression without one is merely entertained.

The words

Noun (1)

Grammar for these: Definite article: le, la, les · Indefinite article: un, une

les salutationsthe closing greetingsNounB1
La lettre se termine par des salutations.The letter ends with closing greetings.

Adverb (2)

Grammar for these: Adverbs in -ment

égalementalso (in addition)AdverbB1
Le rapport contient également un plan.The report also contains a plan.
globalementoverallAdverbB2
Globalement, le texte tient debout.Overall, the text stands up.

Preposition (1)

concernantregardingPrepositionB2
Concernant la date, rien n’est décidé.Regarding the date, nothing has been decided.

Conjunction (2)

tandis quewhereasConjunctionB2
Le premier texte convainc, tandis que le second reste vague.The first text convinces, whereas the second stays vague.
bien quealthoughConjunctionB1
Bien que le sujet soit difficile, la classe suit.Although the subject is difficult, the class is keeping up.

Phrase (22)

c’est pourquoithat is whyPhraseB1
Le train était supprimé, c’est pourquoi elle est arrivée tard.The train was cancelled, that is why she arrived late.
malgré toutall the samePhraseB2
La salle était froide ; malgré tout, la réunion a eu lieu.The room was cold; all the same, the meeting took place.
outre celabesides thatPhraseB2
Outre cela, le texte manque de sources.Besides that, the text gives no sources.
en second lieusecondlyPhraseB2
En second lieu, le coût pose problème.Secondly, the cost is a problem.
par suite deowing toPhraseB1
Par suite de la grève, la remise a été repoussée.Owing to the strike, the deadline was put back.
il en résulte queit follows thatPhraseB1
Il en résulte que la date change.It follows that the date changes.
à titre d’exempleby way of examplePhraseB1
À titre d’exemple, la première phrase suffit.By way of example, the first sentence is enough.
dit autrementput another wayPhraseB1
Dit autrement, la réponse est non.Put another way, the answer is no.
faire valoirto put forward (an argument)PhraseB1
Elle fait valoir un argument simple.She puts forward one simple argument.
mettre l’accent surto place the emphasis onPhraseB2
L’auteur met l’accent sur la première cause.The author places the emphasis on the first cause.
partir du principe queto assume thatPhraseB2
Le texte part du principe que chacun sait lire une carte.The text assumes that everyone can read a map.
il semble queit seems thatPhraseB1
Il semble que la réunion soit annulée.It seems that the meeting has been cancelled.
être susceptible deto be liable toPhraseB2
Cette règle est susceptible de changer.This rule is liable to change.
dans une certaine mesureto a certain extentPhraseB2
Dans une certaine mesure, les deux ont raison.To a certain extent, both are right.
somme touteall in allPhraseC1
Somme toute, la journée a été calme.All in all, the day was quiet.
en termes dein terms ofPhraseB2
En termes de coût, la solution reste lourde.In terms of cost, the solution is still cumbersome.
en ce qui me concerneas far as I am concernedPhraseB2
En ce qui me concerne, la première version suffit.As far as I am concerned, the first version is enough.
selon moiin my viewPhraseB1
Selon moi, le titre est trop long.In my view, the title is too long.
tirer une conclusionto draw a conclusionPhraseB2
On ne peut pas tirer une conclusion d’un seul cas.You cannot draw a conclusion from a single case.
porter ses fruitsto bear fruitPhraseB2
L’effort a fini par porter ses fruits.The effort bore fruit in the end.
veuillez trouver ci-jointplease find attachedPhraseB2
Veuillez trouver ci-joint le formulaire rempli.Please find attached the completed form.
présenter ses excusesto offer one’s apologiesPhraseB1
Il a présenté ses excuses par écrit.He offered his apologies in writing.

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