Shares, bonds and funds, capital and debt, profit and loss.
Financial words are mostly built from a few syllables that come back again and again: 股 is a share, so 股市 is the stock market and 股东 a shareholder; 债 is a debt, so 债务 means debts and 债券 a bond. A rising market is a 牛市 and a falling one a 熊市, bull and bear as in English. One thing to know before reading a Chinese price board: red means a price has gone up and green that it has gone down, the reverse of the usual Western colours.
The words
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Verb (10)
融资to raise funds; financingVerb5
这家小公司正在为新项目融资。This small company is raising money for a new project.
破产to go bankrupt; bankruptcyVerb5
那家航空公司去年宣布破产。That airline declared bankruptcy last year.
上市to go public; to come onto the marketVerb5
这家公司打算明年上市。The company plans to go public next year.
Of a product it means to go on sale: 新药上市.
亏损to make a loss; lossVerb5
这家商店连续两年亏损。This shop made a loss two years running.
盈利to make a profit; profitVerb5
公司成立三年后才开始盈利。The company only began to make a profit three years after it was founded.
Profit as an amount is usually 利润.
抵押to pledge as security; to mortgageVerb5
他用房子作抵押，向银行借了一笔钱。He borrowed a sum of money from the bank, putting up his house as security.
偿还to repayVerb5
这笔贷款要在十年内偿还。This loan must be repaid within ten years.
The written word for 还, to pay back: huán, not hái.
透支to overdraw; overdraftVerb5
这个月他的信用卡透支了。He went over the limit on his credit card this month.
Also of strength: 透支体力, to wear oneself out.
担保to guarantee; to stand suretyVerb5
他父母为他的贷款作了担保。His parents stood as guarantors for his loan.
审计to audit; auditVerb5
每年年底都有专门的公司来审计账目。At the end of every year a specialist firm comes to audit the accounts.