C1 · 50 words
The economy as a whole in Spanish
Growth, inflation, interest, the state budget — the figures named on the radio and rarely explained.
La renta per cápita is income per head, and la renta is a word English readers get wrong in one particular direction. It is what comes in: la renta del trabajo, la renta disponible, and in Spain hacer la renta is filling in the income tax return. English « rent » is money paid out for the use of a place, which Spanish calls el alquiler. The two touch only in the old sense of a rent drawn from land, and that sense survives in rentable — which means profitable, not lettable.
The words
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Phrase (47)
el producto interior brutoeverything produced inside the countryPhraseC1
El producto interior bruto suma lo producido dentro.Everything produced inside the country is added up here.
el crecimiento realgrowth with prices taken outPhraseC1
El crecimiento real descuenta la subida de precios.Growth with prices taken out subtracts the rise in prices.
el crecimiento nominalgrowth with prices left inPhraseC1
El crecimiento nominal se ve más grande de lo que es.Growth with prices left in looks bigger than it is.
la renta per cápitaincome per headPhraseC1
La renta per cápita esconde el reparto.Income per head hides how it is shared out.
el ciclo económicothe swing of good years and badPhraseC1
El ciclo económico no se repite igual dos veces.The swing of good years and bad never repeats itself the same way twice.
la recesión técnicathe recession as the rule defines itPhraseC1
La recesión técnica son dos trimestres de caída.The recession as the rule defines it is two quarters of falling output.
la demanda agregadaall the demand in the economyPhraseC1
La demanda agregada suma consumo, inversión y gasto público.All the demand in the economy adds spending, investment and the state.
la oferta agregadaall the supply in the economyPhraseC1
La oferta agregada depende de la capacidad instalada.All the supply in the economy depends on the capacity already built.
la brecha de producciónthe gap between what is made and what could bePhraseC1
La brecha de producción no se observa, se estima.The gap between what is made and what could be is not observed, it is estimated.
la tasa de inflaciónthe rate prices are rising atPhraseC1
La tasa de inflación se mide contra el mismo mes del año anterior.The rate prices are rising at is measured against the same month a year before.
la inflación subyacentethe rate with energy and fresh food left outPhraseC1
La inflación subyacente deja fuera energía y alimentos frescos.The rate with energy and fresh food left out leaves both of them aside.
el índice de precios al consumothe index of what shoppers payPhraseC1
El índice de precios al consumo usa una cesta fija.The index of what shoppers pay uses a fixed basket.
la cesta del índicethe basket the index is built fromPhraseC1
La cesta del índice se revisa cada cierto tiempo.The basket the index is built from is reworked every so often.
el salario realthe wage measured in what it buysPhraseC1
El salario real cae si el sueldo sube menos que los precios.The wage measured in what it buys falls when pay rises less than prices.
la política monetariawhat the central bank does with moneyPhraseC1
La política monetaria actúa con retraso.What the central bank does with money works with a delay.
el banco centralthe central bankPhraseC1
El banco central decide el tipo de referencia.The central bank sets the rate the others follow.
el tipo de interés oficialthe rate the central bank setsPhraseC1
El tipo de interés oficial arrastra a todos los demás.The rate the central bank sets drags all the others with it.
la masa monetariathe amount of money in circulationPhraseC1
La masa monetaria creció mucho más deprisa que la producción.The amount of money in circulation grew far faster than output did.
la expansión cuantitativathe buying of bonds to put money inPhraseC1
La expansión cuantitativa compra deuda en el mercado.The buying of bonds to put money in buys government debt on the market.
el objetivo de inflaciónthe inflation the central bank aims atPhraseC1
El objetivo de inflación se define a medio plazo.The inflation the central bank aims at is set for the medium term.
la política fiscalwhat the government does with taxes and spendingPhraseC1
La política fiscal actúa por gasto y por impuesto.What the government does with taxes and spending works through both of them.
el presupuesto generalthe state budgetPhraseC1
El presupuesto general se aprueba en el parlamento.The state budget is passed in parliament.
el déficit públicothe gap in one year's budgetPhraseC1
El déficit público es la diferencia de un solo año.The gap in one year's budget is the shortfall of that year alone.
el superávit primariothe surplus in the budget before interestPhraseC1
El superávit primario deja fuera el pago de intereses.The surplus in the budget before interest leaves the interest payments out.
el saldo de la deudathe whole debt built up so farPhraseC1
El saldo de la deuda se mide contra el producto interior.The whole debt built up so far is measured against output.
la prima de riesgothe extra a country pays over the safest borrowerPhraseC1
La prima de riesgo compara con el bono más seguro.The extra a country pays over the safest borrower is measured against the safest bond there is.
la emisión de deudathe selling of new government bondsPhraseC1
La emisión de deuda se subasta por tramos.The selling of new government bonds is auctioned in tranches.
el gasto socialthe spending on pensions, health and benefitsPhraseC1
El gasto social crece con la edad de la población.The spending on pensions, health and benefits grows as the population ages.
el estabilizador automáticothe part of the budget that reacts on its ownPhraseC1
El estabilizador automático actúa sin decidir nada.The part of the budget that reacts on its own works without anybody deciding.
la tasa de parothe share of the workforce without a jobPhraseC1
La tasa de paro no cuenta a quien dejó de buscar.The share of the workforce without a job leaves out those who stopped looking.
la fuerza de trabajothe workforce, those in work and those lookingPhraseC1
La fuerza de trabajo incluye a quien busca empleo.The workforce, those in work and those looking, takes in anybody seeking work.
la tasa de actividadthe share of the population in the workforcePhraseC1
La tasa de actividad explica media diferencia entre países.The share of the population in the workforce explains half the difference between countries.
el paro estructuralthe kind of job shortage more demand cannot curePhraseC1
El paro estructural no se cura con más demanda.The kind of job shortage more demand cannot cure stays when demand comes back.
la productividad del trabajothe output for each hour workedPhraseC1
La productividad del trabajo decide el salario a largo plazo.The output for each hour worked decides the wage in the long run.
la balanza por cuenta corrientethe balance of dealings with abroadPhraseC1
La balanza por cuenta corriente resume el trato con el exterior.The balance of dealings with abroad sums up the whole exchange.
la balanza de serviciosthe balance of services with abroadPhraseC1
La balanza de servicios pesa mucho en un país turístico.The balance of services with abroad counts heavily in a country living on visitors.
el tipo de cambio realthe exchange rate with prices taken outPhraseC1
El tipo de cambio real descuenta la diferencia de precios.The exchange rate with prices taken out subtracts the difference in prices.
la depreciación de la monedathe currency losing valuePhraseC1
La depreciación de la moneda abarata la exportación.The currency losing value makes exports cheaper.
la inversión extranjera directamoney put in from abroad to build somethingPhraseC1
La inversión extranjera directa trae también tecnología.Money put in from abroad to build something brings technology with it.
la competitividad exteriorhow well the country sells abroadPhraseC1
La competitividad exterior depende de costes y de calidad.How well the country sells abroad rests on costs and on quality.
el índice de precios industrialesthe index of what factories chargePhraseC1
El índice de precios industriales se adelanta al del consumo.The index of what factories charge moves before the shoppers' one.
el indicador adelantadothe sign that comes firstPhraseC1
El indicador adelantado avisa antes, y a veces en falso.The sign that comes first warns early, and sometimes falsely.
la revisión del datothe correcting of a figure already publishedPhraseC1
La revisión del dato cambia titulares de hace meses.The correcting of a figure already published changes headlines from months back.
la serie desestacionalizadathe series with the seasons taken outPhraseC1
La serie desestacionalizada permite comparar meses.The series with the seasons taken out lets one month be compared with another.
la desigualdad de la rentahow unevenly income is sharedPhraseC1
La desigualdad de la renta se resume en un solo número con pérdida.How unevenly income is shared fits into a single number only at a loss.
la economía sumergidathe work that is done off the booksPhraseC1
La economía sumergida no aparece en ninguna estadística directa.The work that is done off the books shows up in no direct figure.
el efecto basethe jump that comes from what it is compared withPhraseC1
El efecto base explica saltos que no son cambios.The jump that comes from what it is compared with explains leaps that are not changes.
Noun (f) (3)
la macroeconomíathe study of the economy as a wholeNoun (f)C1
La macroeconomía mira el conjunto, no la empresa.The study of the economy as a whole looks at the whole, not at the firm.
la desinflaciónprices rising more slowly than beforeNoun (f)C1
La desinflación sigue siendo subida de precios.Prices rising more slowly than before are still prices rising.
la deflaciónprices fallingNoun (f)C1
La deflación anima a aplazar cualquier compra.Prices falling make it worth putting off any purchase.
This list belongs to Money, finance and economy — 16 lists and 800 words that can also be practised as a whole.
Practise this list
From these 50 words, as many per round as you like — up to all of them: first what is due today, then new ones. First you choose, then you fill the gap, then you write it yourself. Mistakes come back again shortly.