C2 · 50 words
Epidemiology in Spanish
Study designs, measures and sources of error — a science that talks about people in numbers.
Twice on this page la razón means a ratio: la razón de momios, la razón de verosimilitud. English would never say « reason » there, and that is the whole trap, because la razón is also the reason — por esa razón — and, third, being right: tienes razón, le doy la razón. English spends three words on those and Spanish one. Notice that « you have reason » is the mistake in the other direction, which means the confusion runs both ways.
The words
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Phrase (46)
la población de estudiothe group a study draws its people fromPhraseC2
La población de estudio se definió por código postal.The study population was defined by postcode.
la incidencia acumuladathe share of the exposed who fall ill over a periodPhraseC2
La incidencia acumulada mide casos nuevos por persona expuesta.Cumulative incidence measures new cases per exposed person.
la tasa de incidenciathe same thing per unit of time spent under observationPhraseC2
La tasa de incidencia se expresa por mil personas-año.The incidence rate is expressed per thousand person-years.
la persona-tiempothe sum of everybody's time under observationPhraseC2
La persona-tiempo suma los periodos de seguimiento.Person-time adds up the periods of follow-up.
la mortalidad específicathe death rate worked out for one cause at a timePhraseC2
La mortalidad específica se calcula por causa.Specific mortality is calculated by cause.
el ajuste por edadthe correction that makes two populations comparablePhraseC2
El ajuste por edad permite comparar dos países.Adjustment for age allows two countries to be compared.
el estudio de cohortesthe design that follows healthy people forwardsPhraseC2
El estudio de cohortes sigue a los sanos hacia adelante.The cohort study follows healthy people forwards.
el estudio de casos y controlesthe design that starts from the ill and looks backPhraseC2
El estudio de casos y controles mira hacia atrás.The case-control study looks backwards.
el estudio transversalthe design that photographs one momentPhraseC2
El estudio transversal fotografía un momento.The cross-sectional study photographs a moment.
el ensayo aleatorizadothe design in which chance decides who is exposedPhraseC2
El ensayo aleatorizado reparte la exposición por azar.The randomised trial allots the exposure by chance.
el enmascaramiento doblethe hiding of the group from patient and doctor alikePhraseC2
El enmascaramiento doble oculta el grupo a ambas partes.Double blinding hides the group from both sides.
el grupo de comparaciónthe arm that gets the usual treatment insteadPhraseC2
El grupo de comparación recibe el tratamiento habitual.The comparison group receives the usual treatment.
el análisis por intención de tratarthe analysis that keeps whoever dropped out where they startedPhraseC2
El análisis por intención de tratar conserva a los que abandonaron.Intention-to-treat analysis keeps those who dropped out.
la pérdida de seguimientothe people who stopped answering, here fifteen in a hundredPhraseC2
La pérdida de seguimiento alcanzó el quince por ciento.Loss to follow-up reached fifteen per cent.
el riesgo relativothe ratio of risk between the exposed and the restPhraseC2
El riesgo relativo compara dos grupos de exposición.The relative risk compares two exposure groups.
la razón de momiosthe ratio used when there is no incidence to work fromPhraseC2
La razón de momios se usa cuando no hay incidencia.The odds ratio is used when there is no incidence.
el riesgo atribuiblethe share of cases that the exposure accounts forPhraseC2
El riesgo atribuible dice cuánto se evitaría.The attributable risk says how much would be avoided.
la fracción atribuible poblacionalthe same thing for a whole population, which depends on how many are exposedPhraseC2
La fracción atribuible poblacional depende de cuántos están expuestos.The population attributable fraction depends on how many are exposed.
la esperanza de vida ajustada por discapacidadthe measure that weighs a year lived in illness against a healthy onePhraseC2
La esperanza de vida ajustada por discapacidad pesa los años vividos con enfermedad.Disability-adjusted life expectancy weighs the years lived in illness.
el sesgo de selecciónthe error that is already there before anything is measuredPhraseC2
El sesgo de selección aparece antes de medir nada.Selection bias appears before anything is measured.
el sesgo de informaciónthe error that comes out of the measuring itselfPhraseC2
El sesgo de información nace de la propia medición.Information bias arises from the measurement itself.
el sesgo de memoriathe error that comes from what people recall, worse among the illPhraseC2
El sesgo de memoria afecta más a los enfermos.Recall bias affects the ill more.
la clasificación errónea no diferencialthe mislabelling that falls on both groups and flattens the resultPhraseC2
La clasificación errónea no diferencial acerca el resultado al nulo.Non-differential misclassification pulls the result towards the null.
la variable de confusiónthe third thing tied to both the cause and the effectPhraseC2
La variable de confusión se relaciona con ambas cosas.The confounding variable is related to both things.
el análisis estratificadothe analysis that looks inside age groups one at a timePhraseC2
El análisis estratificado separa por grupos de edad.Stratified analysis separates by age group.
la modificación del efectothe finding that an effect is different in different peoplePhraseC2
La modificación del efecto no es un error, es un hallazgo.Effect modification is not an error, it is a finding.
el emparejamiento de controlesthe pairing of each case with somebody alikePhraseC2
El emparejamiento de controles neutraliza la edad.Matching the controls neutralises age.
la causalidad inversathe possibility that the illness caused the exposurePhraseC2
La causalidad inversa explica la asociación al revés.Reverse causation explains the association the other way round.
la relación dosis-respuestathe pattern by which more of it means more effectPhraseC2
La relación dosis-respuesta refuerza el argumento causal.The dose-response relationship strengthens the causal argument.
la plausibilidad biológicathe argument that a mechanism exists, which alone proves nothingPhraseC2
La plausibilidad biológica no basta por sí sola.Biological plausibility is not enough on its own.
la razón de verosimilitudthe ratio that puts sensitivity and specificity togetherPhraseC2
La razón de verosimilitud combina sensibilidad y especificidad.The likelihood ratio combines sensitivity and specificity.
el punto de corte diagnósticothe value at which a test is called positivePhraseC2
El punto de corte diagnóstico decide cuántos falsos positivos se aceptan.The diagnostic cut-off decides how many false positives are accepted.
el valor predictivo positivothe chance that a positive test is right, which moves with prevalencePhraseC2
El valor predictivo positivo depende de la prevalencia.The positive predictive value depends on the prevalence.
el cribado poblacionalthe testing offered to everybody of a certain agePhraseC2
El cribado poblacional se ofrece a partir de los cincuenta.Population screening is offered from the age of fifty.
el número reproductivo básicothe number one case infects where nobody is immunePhraseC2
El número reproductivo básico supone población sin inmunidad.The basic reproduction number assumes a population without immunity.
el periodo de incubaciónthe time between catching it and feeling itPhraseC2
El periodo de incubación va de dos a diez días.The incubation period runs from two to ten days.
el intervalo serialthe time between one case and the next in a chainPhraseC2
El intervalo serial separa dos casos encadenados.The serial interval separates two linked cases.
el umbral de inmunidad colectivathe share that has to be immune before spread stopsPhraseC2
El umbral de inmunidad colectiva sube con la transmisibilidad.The herd immunity threshold rises with transmissibility.
la curva epidémicathe chart drawn by the date people fell illPhraseC2
La curva epidémica se dibuja por fecha de inicio.The epidemic curve is drawn by date of onset.
el rastreo de contactosthe finding of everybody a case has been nearPhraseC2
El rastreo de contactos identificó veinte personas.Contact tracing identified twenty people.
el caso índicethe first case that came to noticePhraseC2
El caso índice se detectó una semana tarde.The index case was detected a week late.
la vigilancia centinelathe watching done through a network of practicesPhraseC2
La vigilancia centinela usa una red de consultas.Sentinel surveillance uses a network of practices.
el brote comunitariothe outbreak found in the population rather than one buildingPhraseC2
El brote comunitario se declaró en dos barrios.The community outbreak was declared in two districts.
la síntesis cuantitativa de estudiosthe pooling of many studies into one estimatePhraseC2
La síntesis cuantitativa de estudios reúne catorce trabajos.The quantitative synthesis of studies brings together fourteen papers.
la heterogeneidad entre estudiosthe extent to which those studies disagreePhraseC2
La heterogeneidad entre estudios era considerable.The heterogeneity between studies was considerable.
el gráfico en embudothe plot that shows the small studies leaning to one sidePhraseC2
El gráfico en embudo revela la asimetría de los estudios pequeños.The funnel plot reveals the asymmetry of the small studies.
Noun (f) (3)
la epidemiologíathe study of health in whole populationsNoun (f)C2
La epidemiología estudia la salud en poblaciones.Epidemiology studies health in populations.
la prevalenciathe count of how many have it nowNoun (f)C2
La prevalencia cuenta los casos existentes.Prevalence counts the existing cases.
la letalidadthe share of the ill who die of itNoun (f)C2
La letalidad es la muerte entre los enfermos.Case fatality is the death among those who are ill.
Noun (m) (1)
el sobrediagnósticothe finding of things that would never have caused troubleNoun (m)C2
El sobrediagnóstico encuentra lo que nunca habría dado síntomas.Overdiagnosis finds what would never have caused symptoms.
This list belongs to Health and the body — 26 lists and 1248 words that can also be practised as a whole.
Practise this list
From these 50 words, as many per round as you like — up to all of them: first what is due today, then new ones. First you choose, then you fill the gap, then you write it yourself. Mistakes come back again shortly.