C2 · 50 words
Demography in Spanish
Fertility, mortality, migration and age structure — the words a population is described with.
La descendencia final is the number of children a cohort turned out to have, and la descendencia points the opposite way from the English word it resembles. In Spanish it runs downwards, to the children and their children: morir sin descendencia, la descendencia de un rey. English « descent » runs upwards instead, back towards where somebody came from — « of Irish descent » — so the Spanish word has to become « offspring » or « descendants ». One word, two directions, and only the language decides which.
The words
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Phrase (48)
el análisis demográficothe reading of a population that thinks in decades rather than in yearsPhraseC2
El análisis demográfico razona en décadas.Demographic analysis reasons in decades.
el censo de poblaciónthe head count taken across a whole country on one dayPhraseC2
El censo de población se levanta cada diez años.The population census is taken every ten years.
la estadística continua de poblaciónthe head count kept up between those days, quarter by quarterPhraseC2
La estadística continua de población se actualiza cada trimestre.The continuous population statistic is updated every quarter.
el movimiento natural de la poblaciónthe movement of a population that comes from births and deaths alonePhraseC2
El movimiento natural de la población recoge nacimientos y defunciones.The natural movement of the population gathers births and deaths.
la tasa bruta de natalidadthe birth rate taken raw, before the age structure is allowed forPhraseC2
La tasa bruta de natalidad no corrige la estructura por edad.The crude birth rate does not correct for the age structure.
el índice sintético de fecundidadthe birth rate summed across all ages into children per womanPhraseC2
El índice sintético de fecundidad se sitúa en uno coma tres.The total fertility rate stands at one point three.
el nivel de reemplazo generacionalthe number of children per woman at which a population just holdsPhraseC2
El nivel de reemplazo generacional ronda los dos hijos por mujer.The generational replacement level is around two children per woman.
la edad media a la maternidadthe age at which the women of a given year are having their childrenPhraseC2
La edad media a la maternidad ha subido varios años.The mean age at motherhood has risen by several years.
el aplazamiento de la maternidadthe pushing of childbearing into later yearsPhraseC2
El aplazamiento de la maternidad reduce el número final de hijos.Postponing motherhood lowers the final number of children.
la descendencia finalthe number of children a whole cohort turned out to havePhraseC2
La descendencia final solo se conoce al terminar la cohorte.The completed family size is known only once the cohort is over.
la cohorte de nacimientoeverybody born in the same year, followed as one groupPhraseC2
La cohorte de nacimiento se sigue a lo largo de su vida.The birth cohort is followed across its whole life.
la tasa bruta de mortalidadthe death rate taken raw, before the age structure is allowed forPhraseC2
La tasa bruta de mortalidad sube solo por el envejecimiento.The crude death rate rises through ageing alone.
la mortalidad infantilthe death rate in the first year of lifePhraseC2
La mortalidad infantil es el indicador más sensible.Infant mortality is the most sensitive indicator.
la vida media calculadathe average length of life worked out from one year of ratesPhraseC2
La vida media calculada se obtiene con las tasas de un solo año.The calculated mean length of life comes from a single year of rates.
la esperanza de vida a los sesenta y cincothe years of life still expected at the age most pensions beginPhraseC2
La esperanza de vida a los sesenta y cinco importa para las pensiones.Life expectancy at sixty-five matters for pensions.
la tabla de mortalidadthe sheet that carries a death rate for every agePhraseC2
La tabla de mortalidad recorre todas las edades.The life table runs through every age.
la transición demográficathe long passage from many births and many deaths to few of eitherPhraseC2
La transición demográfica baja primero la mortalidad.The demographic transition lowers mortality first.
el impulso demográficothe growth that keeps running on an age structure already in placePhraseC2
El impulso demográfico mantiene el crecimiento durante años.Demographic momentum keeps growth going for years.
la estructura por edad y sexothe shape of a population once it is laid out by age and sexPhraseC2
La estructura por edad y sexo ya no tiene forma de pirámide.The age and sex structure no longer has the shape of a pyramid.
el envejecimiento poblacionalthe slow tilt of a population towards its older agesPhraseC2
El envejecimiento poblacional viene de dos causas a la vez.Population ageing comes from two causes at once.
la razón de dependenciathe older against the working, set as a ratioPhraseC2
La razón de dependencia compara mayores con activos.The dependency ratio compares the old with the working.
el bono demográficothe window in which the working ages are unusually crowdedPhraseC2
El bono demográfico dura una sola generación.The demographic dividend lasts a single generation.
la población en edad de trabajareverybody in the working ages, old enough and not yet too oldPhraseC2
La población en edad de trabajar empieza a reducirse.The working-age population is starting to shrink.
la participación laboral femeninathe share of women who are in work or looking for itPhraseC2
La participación laboral femenina puede compensar la caída del número.Female labour participation can offset the fall in numbers.
el crecimiento vegetativowhat births and deaths alone leave behind, plus or minusPhraseC2
El crecimiento vegetativo es negativo desde hace años.Natural increase has been negative for years.
el balance de entradas y salidaswhat arrivals and departures alone leave behind, plus or minusPhraseC2
El balance de entradas y salidas sostiene el total.The balance of arrivals and departures holds the total up.
la inmigración netathe arrivals that are left once the departures are subtractedPhraseC2
La inmigración neta rejuvenece la estructura por edad.Net immigration makes the age structure younger.
la emigración de retornothe moving back to the country somebody once leftPhraseC2
La emigración de retorno aparece tras una crisis.Return migration appears after a crisis.
la migración internathe moving that stays inside one countryPhraseC2
La migración interna vacía las comarcas del interior.Internal migration empties the inland districts.
el vaciamiento del interiorthe slow emptying of the land away from the coastsPhraseC2
El vaciamiento del interior cerró la escuela del pueblo.The emptying of the interior closed the village school.
la pérdida sostenida de habitantesthe emptying that goes on year after year, counted in inhabitantsPhraseC2
La pérdida sostenida de habitantes se mide en densidad.The sustained loss of inhabitants is measured in density.
la densidad de poblaciónthe inhabitants set against the ground they live onPhraseC2
La densidad de población baja de diez habitantes por kilómetro.Population density falls below ten inhabitants per kilometre.
el área metropolitanathe city and everything that lives off it, taken as onePhraseC2
El área metropolitana concentra la mitad de la provincia.The metropolitan area holds half the province.
la tasa de urbanizaciónthe share of a population that lives in townsPhraseC2
La tasa de urbanización supera el ochenta por ciento.The urbanisation rate is above eighty per cent.
el hogar sin núcleo familiarthe household that is not a family — one person, or several unrelatedPhraseC2
El hogar sin núcleo familiar es el tipo que más crece.The household with no family nucleus is the fastest growing type.
el tamaño medio del hogarhow many people a household holds on averagePhraseC2
El tamaño medio del hogar ha caído a dos coma cuatro.Average household size has fallen to two point four.
la proyección de poblaciónthe working out of what a population would be under a stated assumptionPhraseC2
La proyección de población trabaja con varios escenarios.The population projection works with several scenarios.
el escenario intermediothe middle assumption of the set, chosen for being centralPhraseC2
El escenario intermedio no es el más probable, es el central.The middle scenario is not the most likely one, it is the central one.
la hipótesis de fecundidadthe assumption about births that decides the far end of the resultPhraseC2
La hipótesis de fecundidad domina el resultado a largo plazo.The fertility assumption governs the result in the long run.
el análisis por generacionesthe reading that follows cohorts instead of single yearsPhraseC2
El análisis por generaciones evita el espejismo del año suelto.Cohort analysis avoids the mirage of the single year.
el efecto de composiciónthe part of a change that came only from who was in the groupPhraseC2
El efecto de composición explica media subida.The composition effect explains half the rise.
la estandarización de tasasthe recalculating of rates onto one common age structurePhraseC2
La estandarización de tasas permite comparar dos poblaciones.Standardising rates makes two populations comparable.
la población de referenciathe population whose age structure everything is recalculated ontoPhraseC2
La población de referencia se elige y se declara.The reference population is chosen and declared.
la compresión de la morbilidadthe squeezing of the ill years towards the very end of a lifePhraseC2
La compresión de la morbilidad acorta el tramo de dependencia.The compression of morbidity shortens the dependent stretch.
la relación de masculinidadmen against women, set as a ratioPhraseC2
La relación de masculinidad se invierte con la edad.The sex ratio turns round with age.
la sobremortalidad masculinathe men dying earlier than the women at the same agesPhraseC2
La sobremortalidad masculina se nota ya en la juventud.Male excess mortality shows already in youth.
el registro de la causa de muertethe writing down of what people died of, and how it is codedPhraseC2
El registro de la causa de muerte depende de cómo se codifica.Cause-of-death recording depends on how it is coded.
el exceso de mortalidadthe death count above what the years before would have led one to expectPhraseC2
El exceso de mortalidad compara con los años anteriores.Excess mortality compares with the previous years.
Noun (f) (2)
la nupcialidadhow often people marry, counted as a rateNoun (f)C2
La nupcialidad ya no explica la fecundidad.Marriage rates no longer explain fertility.
la longevidadthe reaching of great ages, taken as how long a life now runsNoun (f)C2
La longevidad crece más despacio que antes.Longevity is growing more slowly than before.
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