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B2  ·  45 words

Migration and society in Portuguese

Papers, recognition, taking part — and everything that hangs on them.

Practise this list

From these 45 words, as many per round as you like — up to all of them: first what is due today, then new ones. First you choose, then you fill the gap, then you write it yourself. Mistakes come back again shortly.

More about this list

The eighteenth entry is a falta de mão de obra, and both languages measure work by the hand — but they do very different things with it. A mão de obra is the hand of the work, an abstract quantity: it can be counted, costed and brought in from abroad, and it can never be one person. Nobody points at a bricklayer and calls him uma mão de obra. English went the other way and let the hand stand for the whole man. « A farm hand », « a deck hand », « all hands on deck », « factory hands » in a Victorian report: in each of them the hand is somebody who can be greeted by name. That is why English has to change register halfway. A falta de mão de obra fechou a fábrica mais cedo is « the labour shortage closed the factory early » in the newspaper and « they were short-handed » in the canteen, and no single English noun carries both. The abstractions that could — « labour », « manpower », « the workforce » — refuse a plural, exactly as a mão de obra does.

The words

Verb (4)

expulsarto deportVerbB2
Não podem expulsar quem tem processo pendente.They cannot deport anyone whose case is still open.
naturalizarto naturaliseVerbB2
Naturalizaram-no no ano passado.He was naturalised last year.
adaptar-seto adaptVerbB2
Adaptou-se ao horário das refeições.He adapted to the mealtimes.
discriminarto discriminate againstVerbB2
A lei proíbe discriminar por causa da origem.The law forbids discriminating against people on grounds of origin.

Adjective (1)

Grammar for these: Adjective agreement · Where the adjective stands

multiculturalmulticulturalAdjectiveB2
A escola do bairro é multicultural.The neighbourhood school is multicultural.

Phrase (23)

pedir asiloto claim asylumPhraseB2
Pediu asilo logo à chegada.He claimed asylum as soon as he arrived.
a autorização de residênciathe residence permitPhraseB2
A autorização de residência caduca no fim do ano.The residence permit expires at the end of the year.
a autorização de trabalhothe work permitPhraseB2
Sem autorização de trabalho ninguém o contrata.Without a work permit nobody will take him on.
o pedido de vistothe visa applicationPhraseB2
O pedido de visto foi entregue no consulado.The visa application was handed in at the consulate.
o país de origemthe country of originPhraseB2
O diploma foi passado no país de origem.The certificate was issued in the country of origin.
o país de acolhimentothe host countryPhraseB2
A língua do país de acolhimento aprende-se no bairro.The language of the host country is learnt in the neighbourhood.
o controlo de fronteirathe border checkPhraseB2
O controlo de fronteira demorou a manhã toda.The border check took the whole morning.
a dupla nacionalidadedual nationalityPhraseB2
A dupla nacionalidade é permitida em ambos os países.Dual nationality is allowed in both countries.
o curso de integraçãothe integration coursePhraseB2
O curso de integração é gratuito.The integration course is free of charge.
a prova de línguathe language certificatePhraseB2
Falta a prova de língua no processo.The language certificate is missing from the file.
o reconhecimento de habilitaçõesthe recognition of qualificationsPhraseB2
O reconhecimento de habilitações demora meses.The recognition of qualifications takes months.
o trabalhador qualificadothe skilled workerPhraseB2
Faltam trabalhadores qualificados na construção.Skilled workers are in short supply in the building trade.
a falta de mão de obrathe labour shortagePhraseB2
A falta de mão de obra fechou a fábrica mais cedo.The labour shortage closed the factory early.
a fuga de cérebrosthe brain drainPhraseB2
A fuga de cérebros esvaziou os laboratórios.The brain drain emptied the laboratories.
sentir-se em casato settle inPhraseB2
Levou um ano a sentir-se em casa.It took him a year to settle in.
o choque culturalthe culture shockPhraseB2
O choque cultural passou depressa.The culture shock passed quickly.
a igualdade de tratamentoequal treatmentPhraseB2
A igualdade de tratamento vale também no estágio.Equal treatment applies to work placements as well.
a sociedade civilcivil societyPhraseB2
A sociedade civil ocupou o lugar vazio.Civil society stepped into the empty space.
o estado socialthe welfare statePhraseB2
O estado social assenta nos impostos.The welfare state rests on taxes.
a rede de apoio socialthe social safety netPhraseB2
A rede de apoio social não chega a toda a gente.The social safety net does not reach everybody.
o requerimento de prestaçõesthe claim for benefitsPhraseB2
O requerimento de prestações entrega-se em papel.The claim for benefits is handed in on paper.
o limiar de pobrezathe poverty linePhraseB2
A família ficou abaixo do limiar de pobreza.The family fell below the poverty line.
a mobilidade socialsocial mobilityPhraseB2
A mobilidade social parou numa geração.Social mobility came to a halt within one generation.

Noun (m) (3)

Grammar for these: Definite article: o, a, os, as · Contractions: do, na, ao, pelo

o asiloasylumNoun (m)B2
O asilo foi concedido no primeiro pedido.Asylum was granted on the first application.
o contrabandothe smugglingNoun (m)B2
O contrabando passa pelas serras.The smuggling goes over the hills.
o tráfico de pessoashuman traffickingNoun (m)B2
O tráfico de pessoas é crime público.Human trafficking is prosecuted whether or not anybody complains.

Noun (f) (14)

Grammar for these: Definite article: o, a, os, as · Contractions: do, na, ao, pelo

a expulsãothe deportationNoun (f)B2
A expulsão foi suspensa pelo tribunal.The deportation was suspended by the court.
a cidadaniacitizenshipNoun (f)B2
Pediu a cidadania depois de anos de residência.He applied for citizenship after years of residence.
a diásporathe diasporaNoun (f)B2
A diáspora mantém a língua nas festas.The diaspora keeps the language alive at its festivals.
a remessathe remittanceNoun (f)B2
A remessa chega à família todos os meses.The remittance reaches the family every month.
a assimilaçãoassimilationNoun (f)B2
A assimilação não é o mesmo que a integração.Assimilation is not the same thing as integration.
a identidadeidentityNoun (f)B1
A identidade não cabe num documento.Identity does not fit on a document.
a pertençathe sense of belongingNoun (f)B2
O sentimento de pertença vem devagar.The sense of belonging comes slowly.
a convivênciathe coexistenceNoun (f)B2
A convivência no prédio corre bem.Coexistence in the block of flats works well.
a solidariedadesolidarityNoun (f)B2
A solidariedade da rua surpreendeu-os.The solidarity of the street took them by surprise.
a discriminaçãodiscriminationNoun (f)B2
A discriminação no arrendamento é difícil de provar.Discrimination in letting is hard to prove.
a xenofobiaxenophobiaNoun (f)B2
A xenofobia aparece primeiro nas piadas.Xenophobia shows up first in the jokes.
a inclusãoinclusionNoun (f)B2
A inclusão custa mais do que uma rampa.Inclusion costs more than a ramp.
a marginalizaçãothe marginalisationNoun (f)B2
A marginalização começa na sala de aula.Marginalisation begins in the classroom.
a redistribuiçãoredistributionNoun (f)B2
A redistribuição faz-se pelo imposto e não pelo salário.Redistribution happens through tax and not through wages.

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This list belongs to Society and politics — 21 lists and 728 words that can also be practised as a whole.

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