C2 · 40 words
Construction law in Portuguese
Planning, permission, defects — two fields of law under one name.
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From these 40 words, as many per round as you like — up to all of them: first what is due today, then new ones. First you choose, then you fill the gap, then you write it yourself. Mistakes come back again shortly.
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The thirty-seventh entry is a responsabilidade solidária, and the English term for it contains the one word an ordinary reader is certain to misread. That term is « joint and several liability », and « several » in it has nothing to do with quantity. In everyday English « several » means a good few, more than two and fewer than many. In law it means separate, taken one at a time, and that is the older sense: the word came in from Anglo-Norman, built on the Latin separ, apart, and the counting sense grew out of things considered one by one. So builders who are « jointly liable » must be sued together; builders who are « severally liable » each answer for their own share and no more; and builders who are « jointly and severally liable » are both at once, which is what the sentence on this page says — the whole may be demanded from one alone. The trap is exact. « Several liability » standing by itself is the opposite of a responsabilidade solidária, so a contract that quietly drops the word « joint » has halved what each builder owes.
The words
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Noun (m) (15)
Grammar for these: Definite article: o, a, os, as · Contractions: do, na, ao, pelo
o plano de pormenorthe detailed development planNoun (m)C2
O plano de pormenor fixa o que pode ser construído em cada lote.The detailed development plan fixes what may be built on each plot.
o uso admissívelthe permitted useNoun (m)C2
O uso admissível não abrange indústria pesada.The permitted use does not extend to heavy industry.
o índice de ocupação do solothe site coverage ratioNoun (m)C2
O índice de ocupação do solo limita a área coberta.The site coverage ratio limits the area that may be built over.
o índice de construçãothe floor area ratioNoun (m)C2
O índice de construção conta todos os pisos.The floor area ratio counts every storey.
o afastamento aos limitesthe separation distance to the boundaryNoun (m)C2
O afastamento aos limites protege a luz do vizinho.The separation distance to the boundary protects the light of the neighbour.
o alinhamento da construçãothe building lineNoun (m)C2
O alinhamento da construção segue a fachada existente.The building line follows the existing frontage.
o pedido de informação préviathe preliminary planning rulingNoun (m)C2
O pedido de informação prévia poupa meses de projeto.The preliminary planning ruling saves months of design work.
o pedido de licenciamento de obrathe application for building permissionNoun (m)C2
O pedido de licenciamento de obra entrou na câmara municipal.The application for building permission reached the town hall.
o embargo da obrathe stop noticeNoun (m)C2
O embargo da obra foi afixado no portão.The stop notice was posted on the gate.
o contrato de empreitadathe building contractNoun (m)C2
O contrato de empreitada fixa prazos e penalizações.The building contract fixes deadlines and penalties.
o auto de receção da obrathe taking over of the worksNoun (m)C2
O auto de receção da obra foi assinado pelas duas partes.The record of the taking over of the works was signed by both parties.
o prazo de garantia da obrathe limitation period for defectsNoun (m)C2
O prazo de garantia da obra corre a partir da entrega.The limitation period for defects runs from the handover.
o dever de fiscalização da obrathe duty to supervise the worksNoun (m)C2
O dever de fiscalização da obra exige visitas regulares.The duty to supervise the works calls for regular visits.
o erro de projetothe design errorNoun (m)C2
O erro de projeto só apareceu com a chuva.The design error only showed up with the rain.
o auto de medição finalthe final measurement statementNoun (m)C2
O auto de medição final fecha as contas da empreitada.The final measurement statement closes the accounts of the building contract.
Noun (f) (25)
Grammar for these: Definite article: o, a, os, as · Contractions: do, na, ao, pelo
a planta de ordenamentothe land-use planNoun (f)C2
A planta de ordenamento mostra o uso previsto para cada zona.The land-use plan shows the use intended for each zone.
a altura da cumeeirathe ridge heightNoun (f)C2
A altura da cumeeira ficou acima do permitido.The ridge height came out above what was allowed.
a dispensa de um parâmetrothe dispensation from a planning parameterNoun (f)C2
A dispensa de um parâmetro tem de ser fundamentada.The dispensation from a planning parameter has to be reasoned.
a oposição do vizinhothe objection of the neighbourNoun (f)C2
A oposição do vizinho suspendeu a obra.The objection of the neighbour brought the work to a halt.
a norma de proteção do vizinhoa provision protecting the neighbourNoun (f)C2
Só uma norma de proteção do vizinho dá legitimidade para recorrer.Only a provision protecting the neighbour gives standing to sue.
a caducidade da licença de construçãothe lapse of the building permissionNoun (f)C2
A caducidade da licença de construção chega quando a obra não começa.The lapse of the building permission follows when the work does not begin.
a obra clandestinathe unauthorised buildingNoun (f)C2
A obra clandestina foi descoberta pelas fotografias aéreas.The unauthorised building was found from the aerial photographs.
a ordem de demoliçãothe demolition orderNoun (f)C2
A ordem de demolição foi contestada em tribunal.The demolition order was challenged in court.
a proteção da preexistênciathe protection of what already standsNoun (f)C2
A proteção da preexistência permite manter o que já lá estava.The protection of what already stands allows it to be kept.
a licença para imóvel classificadothe listed building consentNoun (f)C2
A licença para imóvel classificado exige parecer da tutela.The listed building consent calls for an opinion from the heritage authority.
a avaliação de impacte ambientalthe environmental impact assessmentNoun (f)C2
A avaliação de impacte ambiental antecede a decisão.The environmental impact assessment comes before the decision.
a consulta públicathe public consultationNoun (f)C2
A consulta pública decorre antes da aprovação do plano.The public consultation takes place before the plan is approved.
a memória descritivathe written description of the worksNoun (f)C2
A memória descritiva explica materiais e soluções.The written description of the works explains materials and solutions.
as regras da artethe recognised rules of the tradeNoun (f)C2
A obra tem de cumprir as regras da arte.The works have to comply with the recognised rules of the trade.
a reserva na receçãothe reservation made at the taking overNoun (f)C2
A reserva na receção guarda o direito a reclamar.The reservation made at the taking over preserves the right to complain.
a eliminação dos defeitosthe putting right of defectsNoun (f)C2
A eliminação dos defeitos cabe primeiro ao empreiteiro.The putting right of defects falls to the builder first.
a execução por terceirothe performance by a third partyNoun (f)C2
A execução por terceiro corre por conta de quem falhou.The performance by a third party is charged to the one who failed.
a redução do preçothe reduction of the priceNoun (f)C2
A redução do preço compensa um defeito que fica.The reduction of the price makes up for a defect that remains.
a retenção do pagamentothe withholding of paymentNoun (f)C2
A retenção do pagamento pressiona sem quebrar o contrato.The withholding of payment applies pressure without breaking the contract.
a garantia do empreiteirothe security of the builderNoun (f)C2
A garantia do empreiteiro cobre o preço ainda em dívida.The security of the builder covers the price still owed.
a hipoteca sobre o imóvelthe charge over the propertyNoun (f)C2
A hipoteca sobre o imóvel assegura o crédito da obra.The charge over the property secures the claim arising from the works.
a responsabilidade do arquitetothe liability of the architectNoun (f)C2
A responsabilidade do arquiteto não acaba com a entrega do projeto.The liability of the architect does not end with the delivery of the design.
a responsabilidade solidáriajoint and several liabilityNoun (f)C2
A responsabilidade solidária permite exigir tudo a um só.Joint and several liability allows the whole to be demanded from one alone.
a produção antecipada de provathe taking of evidence in advanceNoun (f)C2
A produção antecipada de prova fixa o estado da obra.The taking of evidence in advance records the state of the works.
a conciliação na obrathe conciliation on siteNoun (f)C2
A conciliação na obra evita anos de tribunal.The conciliation on site saves years in court.
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This list belongs to Law and contracts — 32 lists and 1 264 words that can also be practised as a whole.