C2 · 50 words
Immunology in Spanish
Antigen, antibody, tolerance, memory — how the body tells what belongs to it.
El título de anticuerpos is the antibody titre, and el título is one of those Spanish words that does four English jobs. It is the title of a book or a film. It is a qualification: el título universitario is a degree, and tiene el título de enfermera means she is a qualified nurse — nothing to do with being called anything. It is a security on a market, los títulos de deuda pública. And it is this, the strength of a solution, where we spell it « titre » and pronounce it differently again. The thread is the old sense of an inscription that vouches for something.
The words
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Phrase (38)
la inmunidad innatathe defence that is ready from birth and answers at oncePhraseC2
La inmunidad innata responde en minutos.Innate immunity responds within minutes.
la inmunidad adaptativathe defence that takes days, and remembers afterwardsPhraseC2
La inmunidad adaptativa tarda días y aprende.Adaptive immunity takes days and learns.
el determinante antigénicothe part of an intruder the system fixes onPhraseC2
El determinante antigénico es lo que el sistema reconoce.The antigenic determinant is what the system recognises.
la cadena ligera del anticuerpothe smaller of the two chains that make the binding sitePhraseC2
La cadena ligera del anticuerpo forma parte del sitio de unión.The light chain of the antibody forms part of the binding site.
la afinidad del anticuerpohow tightly an antibody holds what it has foundPhraseC2
La afinidad del anticuerpo mejora con el tiempo.The affinity of the antibody improves with time.
la maduración de la afinidadthe improvement of that grip over the course of a responsePhraseC2
La maduración de la afinidad selecciona los mejores clones.Affinity maturation selects the best clones.
el linfocito Bthe cell that makes the antibodyPhraseC2
El linfocito B produce el anticuerpo.The B lymphocyte produces the antibody.
el linfocito T colaboradorthe cell that gives the rest of the system permission to actPhraseC2
El linfocito T colaborador autoriza la respuesta.The helper T lymphocyte authorises the response.
el linfocito T citotóxicothe cell that kills an infected cell outrightPhraseC2
El linfocito T citotóxico mata la célula infectada.The cytotoxic T lymphocyte kills the infected cell.
la célula presentadora de antígenothe cell that holds up a fragment for others to inspectPhraseC2
La célula presentadora de antígeno enseña el fragmento.The antigen-presenting cell holds up the fragment.
la célula dendríticathe cell that carries the fragment to the lymph nodePhraseC2
La célula dendrítica viaja al ganglio a informar.The dendritic cell travels to the node to report.
el complejo mayor de histocompatibilidadthe set of molecules that display fragments, and differ from person to personPhraseC2
El complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad varía enormemente entre personas.The major histocompatibility complex varies enormously between people.
el receptor de células Tthe receptor that only sees a fragment held up by another cellPhraseC2
El receptor de células T solo ve fragmentos presentados.The T cell receptor only sees fragments that are presented.
la recombinación somáticathe cutting and joining that builds millions of different receptorsPhraseC2
La recombinación somática genera millones de receptores distintos.Somatic recombination generates millions of different receptors.
la selección clonalthe multiplying of only those cells whose receptor fitsPhraseC2
La selección clonal multiplica solo lo que encaja.Clonal selection multiplies only what fits.
la tolerancia inmunológicathe learned refusal to attack the body's ownPhraseC2
La tolerancia inmunológica se aprende, no se hereda.Immunological tolerance is learned, not inherited.
la selección tímicathe schooling in the thymus that removes the cells that wouldPhraseC2
La selección tímica elimina lo que reacciona contra uno mismo.Thymic selection removes what reacts against the self.
la memoria inmunitariawhat makes a second encounter shorter than the firstPhraseC2
La memoria inmunitaria acorta la segunda respuesta.Immune memory shortens the second response.
la respuesta primariathe slow, modest answer to a first encounterPhraseC2
La respuesta primaria es lenta y modesta.The primary response is slow and modest.
la respuesta secundariathe fast and much larger answer to a second onePhraseC2
La respuesta secundaria es rápida y mucho mayor.The secondary response is fast and much larger.
el sistema del complementothe cascade of proteins that punches holes and marks targetsPhraseC2
El sistema del complemento actúa en cascada.The complement system acts as a cascade.
la tormenta de citocinasthe flood of those messengers that does more harm than the germPhraseC2
La tormenta de citocinas daña más que el propio patógeno.The cytokine storm does more damage than the pathogen itself.
la inflamación agudathe swelling and heat of repair under wayPhraseC2
La inflamación aguda es una reparación, no un fallo.Acute inflammation is a repair, not a failure.
la inflamación crónica de bajo gradothe smouldering kind that does not hurt and wears the body downPhraseC2
La inflamación crónica de bajo grado no duele y desgasta.Low-grade chronic inflammation does not hurt and wears you down.
la barrera mucosathe lining that stops most of it before anything else has toPhraseC2
La barrera mucosa es la primera línea real.The mucosal barrier is the real first line.
el microbiota intestinalthe population in the gut that teaches the system what to ignorePhraseC2
El microbiota intestinal educa al sistema inmunitario.The gut microbiota educates the immune system.
la alergia mediada por anticuerposthe reaction that comes within minutes of contactPhraseC2
La alergia mediada por anticuerpos aparece en minutos.Antibody-mediated allergy appears within minutes.
el choque anafilácticothe collapse that is treated before anything is confirmedPhraseC2
El choque anafiláctico se trata sin esperar confirmación.Anaphylactic shock is treated without waiting for confirmation.
la inmunodeficiencia primariathe defect present from birth, found in childhoodPhraseC2
La inmunodeficiencia primaria se detecta en la infancia.Primary immunodeficiency is detected in childhood.
el rechazo del injertothe attack on a transplanted organPhraseC2
El rechazo del injerto puede ser inmediato o tardío.Graft rejection can be immediate or late.
la compatibilidad de donantethe matching of donor to recipient before a transplantPhraseC2
La compatibilidad de donante se estudia antes del trasplante.Donor compatibility is studied before the transplant.
la vacuna atenuadathe vaccine made from a weakened live germPhraseC2
La vacuna atenuada da una respuesta amplia.The live attenuated vaccine gives a broad response.
la vacuna inactivadathe vaccine made from a killed one, usually needing a boosterPhraseC2
La vacuna inactivada suele necesitar refuerzo.The inactivated vaccine usually needs a booster.
el umbral de inmunidadthe share of a population that has to be immune to protect the restPhraseC2
El umbral de inmunidad protege a quien no puede vacunarse.The immunity threshold protects those who cannot be vaccinated.
el título de anticuerposthe strength of antibody in a sample, which is not the same as protectionPhraseC2
El título de anticuerpos no equivale a protección.The antibody titre does not amount to protection.
el anticuerpo monoclonalthe antibody built in quantity against one chosen targetPhraseC2
El anticuerpo monoclonal se fabrica contra una diana concreta.The monoclonal antibody is made against one particular target.
la inmunoterapia contra el cáncerthe treatment that takes the brake off the body's own defencePhraseC2
La inmunoterapia contra el cáncer quita el freno a la defensa.Cancer immunotherapy takes the brake off the defence.
el punto de control inmunitariothe brake itself, which keeps a response from running awayPhraseC2
El punto de control inmunitario impide que la respuesta se desborde.The immune checkpoint stops the response overflowing.
Noun (f) (8)
la inmunologíathe study of how the body tells its own from the foreignNoun (f)C2
La inmunología estudia cómo se distingue lo propio.Immunology studies how the body's own is told apart.
la inmunoglobulinathe antibody as a class of moleculeNoun (f)C2
La inmunoglobulina cambia de clase durante la respuesta.The immunoglobulin changes class during the response.
la autoinmunidadthe failure of that refusalNoun (f)C2
La autoinmunidad es un fallo de la tolerancia.Autoimmunity is a failure of tolerance.
la fagocitosisthe swallowing and digesting of what does not belongNoun (f)C2
La fagocitosis engulle y digiere.Phagocytosis engulfs and digests.
la citocinathe messenger that lets cells coordinate at a distanceNoun (f)C2
La citocina coordina a distancia.The cytokine coordinates at a distance.
la desensibilizaciónthe slow training of tolerance to what causes itNoun (f)C2
La desensibilización dura años.Desensitisation takes years.
la inmunosupresiónthe deliberate holding down of the defence, balanced day by dayNoun (f)C2
La inmunosupresión es un equilibrio permanente.Immunosuppression is a permanent balancing act.
la seroconversiónthe moment antibodies first show up in the bloodNoun (f)C2
La seroconversión marca que hubo contacto.Seroconversion marks that there was contact.
Noun (m) (4)
el epítopothe exact patch that a receptor binds toNoun (m)C2
El epítopo es la parte concreta que se reconoce.The epitope is the exact part that is recognised.
el autoanticuerpothe antibody made against the body itselfNoun (m)C2
El autoanticuerpo puede aparecer años antes del síntoma.An autoantibody can appear years before the symptom.
el macrófagothe cell that does that swallowing, and reports back as wellNoun (m)C2
El macrófago limpia y además avisa.The macrophage cleans up and gives warning as well.
el adyuvantethe additive that wakes the system so it pays attentionNoun (m)C2
El adyuvante despierta al sistema para que atienda.The adjuvant wakes the system up so that it pays attention.
This list belongs to Health and the body — 26 lists and 1248 words that can also be practised as a whole.
Practise this list
From these 50 words, as many per round as you like — up to all of them: first what is due today, then new ones. First you choose, then you fill the gap, then you write it yourself. Mistakes come back again shortly.