C2 · 50 words
Pharmacology in Spanish
Active substance, dose, half-life, trial — how a medicine works and how that is shown.
El ensayo clínico is the clinical trial, and el ensayo is a word that does three English jobs with one root. It is the trial itself, the test run: un ensayo de laboratorio. It is a rehearsal — el ensayo general is the dress rehearsal, and estamos ensayando is what a company says the week before opening. And it is the literary essay, un ensayo sobre la memoria, the form Montaigne named because a piece of writing was an attempt at something. English took three words for the three; Spanish kept the attempt in all of them.
The words
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Phrase (39)
la molécula activathe molecule that does the work, whatever the brand saysPhraseC2
La molécula activa es lo que actúa, no la marca.The active molecule is what acts, not the brand.
la matriz del comprimidothe material a tablet is built from, which paces the releasePhraseC2
La matriz del comprimido regula la liberación.The tablet matrix regulates the release.
la forma farmacéuticathe shape it is given, which decides how fast it gets inPhraseC2
La forma farmacéutica decide la velocidad de entrada.The pharmaceutical form decides the speed of entry.
el efecto de primer pasothe loss on the way through the liver before it ever circulatesPhraseC2
El efecto de primer paso reduce la dosis que llega.The first-pass effect reduces the dose that arrives.
el volumen de distribuciónthe volume the dose would occupy at the measured concentrationPhraseC2
El volumen de distribución no es un espacio real.The volume of distribution is not a real space.
la unión a proteínas plasmáticasthe part of the dose held by blood proteins and inactive while it isPhraseC2
La unión a proteínas plasmáticas deja inactiva parte de la dosis.Plasma protein binding leaves part of the dose inactive.
la vida media de eliminaciónthe time in which half of it is gonePhraseC2
La vida media de eliminación decide cuántas tomas al día.The elimination half-life decides how many doses a day.
el estado estacionariothe level reached when what goes in equals what comes outPhraseC2
El estado estacionario llega tras cinco vidas medias.Steady state arrives after five half-lives.
la dosis de cargathe larger first dose that gets there soonerPhraseC2
La dosis de carga acorta la espera hasta el efecto.The loading dose shortens the wait for the effect.
la dosis de mantenimientothe regular dose that replaces what is lostPhraseC2
La dosis de mantenimiento compensa lo que se elimina.The maintenance dose replaces what is eliminated.
el margen terapéuticothe gap between the dose that helps and the dose that harmsPhraseC2
El margen terapéutico estrecho obliga a medir en sangre.A narrow therapeutic margin forces measurement in the blood.
el receptor farmacológicothe site the drug binds to, which explains why it is specificPhraseC2
El receptor farmacológico explica la especificidad.The pharmacological receptor explains the specificity.
el antagonista competitivothe drug that blocks it and can be pushed off by more of the otherPhraseC2
El antagonista competitivo se desplaza subiendo la dosis.The competitive antagonist is displaced by raising the dose.
el agonista parcialthe drug that switches it on, but never all the wayPhraseC2
El agonista parcial nunca alcanza el efecto máximo.The partial agonist never reaches the maximum effect.
la curva dosis-respuestathe graph of how much effect follows how much dosePhraseC2
La curva dosis-respuesta se aplana al final.The dose-response curve flattens at the end.
la potencia del fármacohow much drug it takes to get an effectPhraseC2
La potencia del fármaco no es lo mismo que la eficacia.The potency of a drug is not the same as its efficacy.
la eficacia máximahow much effect can be got at allPhraseC2
La eficacia máxima es lo que importa al paciente.Maximum efficacy is what matters to the patient.
la tolerancia farmacológicathe fading of the effect that pushes the dose upPhraseC2
La tolerancia farmacológica obliga a subir la dosis.Pharmacological tolerance forces the dose up.
la dependencia físicathe state the body gets into, visible when the drug is stoppedPhraseC2
La dependencia física se ve al retirar el fármaco.Physical dependence shows when the drug is withdrawn.
el síndrome de retiradawhat happens on stopping, avoided by coming off slowlyPhraseC2
El síndrome de retirada se evita bajando poco a poco.Withdrawal syndrome is avoided by coming down slowly.
la interacción farmacológicawhat one drug does to another inside the same patientPhraseC2
La interacción farmacológica crece con el número de medicamentos.Drug interaction grows with the number of medicines.
la inducción enzimáticathe speeding up of another drug's breakdownPhraseC2
La inducción enzimática acelera la eliminación de otro fármaco.Enzyme induction speeds up the elimination of another drug.
la inhibición enzimáticathe slowing of it, which can multiply a blood levelPhraseC2
La inhibición enzimática puede multiplicar el nivel en sangre.Enzyme inhibition can multiply the level in the blood.
el efecto no deseado gravethe harm serious enough to be reported at oncePhraseC2
El efecto no deseado grave se comunica de inmediato.A serious adverse effect is reported immediately.
la notificación de sospechathe report of a suspicion, which does not require certaintyPhraseC2
La notificación de sospecha no exige certeza.A suspected-reaction report does not require certainty.
el formulario de notificaciónthe form any health professional may fill inPhraseC2
El formulario de notificación lo puede rellenar cualquier profesional.The reporting form can be filled in by any professional.
el ensayo clínico aleatorizadothe study that allots patients by chance so groups can be comparedPhraseC2
El ensayo clínico aleatorizado reparte al azar para poder comparar.The randomised clinical trial allots by chance so as to compare.
el doble ciegothe design in which neither patient nor doctor knows the groupPhraseC2
El doble ciego oculta el grupo a paciente y a médico.The double blind hides the group from patient and doctor.
el grupo controlthe group against which the treated one is readPhraseC2
El grupo control es lo que da sentido al resultado.The control group is what gives the result its meaning.
el efecto placebothe real and measurable effect of being treated at allPhraseC2
El efecto placebo es real y medible.The placebo effect is real and measurable.
la variable principal del ensayothe outcome fixed in advance as the one that countsPhraseC2
La variable principal del ensayo se fija antes de empezar.The primary endpoint of the trial is fixed before it starts.
la variable subrogadathe stand-in outcome, easier to measure and not the pointPhraseC2
La variable subrogada sustituye a lo que de verdad importa.The surrogate endpoint stands in for what really matters.
el número necesario a tratarhow many have to be treated for one to benefitPhraseC2
El número necesario a tratar traduce el porcentaje a personas.The number needed to treat turns the percentage into people.
la reducción absoluta del riesgothe drop in risk in percentage pointsPhraseC2
La reducción absoluta del riesgo dice menos y engaña menos.The absolute risk reduction says less and misleads less.
la reducción relativa del riesgothe same drop expressed as a share, which sounds far largerPhraseC2
La reducción relativa del riesgo suena mucho mayor.The relative risk reduction sounds much bigger.
el sesgo de publicaciónthe tilt that comes of negative results never being publishedPhraseC2
El sesgo de publicación esconde los resultados negativos.Publication bias hides the negative results.
el medicamento genéricothe copy that has shown it behaves like the originalPhraseC2
El medicamento genérico demuestra bioequivalencia.The generic medicine demonstrates bioequivalence.
el informe periódico de seguridadthe safety summary handed in at fixed intervalsPhraseC2
El informe periódico de seguridad se entrega cada cierto tiempo.The periodic safety report is handed in at set intervals.
el uso fuera de indicaciónthe use outside what the licence coversPhraseC2
El uso fuera de indicación exige justificación escrita.Off-label use requires a written justification.
Noun (f) (7)
la farmacologíathe study of the effect of a drug and of how it is measuredNoun (f)C2
La farmacología estudia el efecto y su medida.Pharmacology studies the effect and its measure.
la farmacocinéticawhat the body does to the drugNoun (f)C2
La farmacocinética sigue al fármaco por el cuerpo.Pharmacokinetics follows the drug through the body.
la farmacodinamiawhat the drug does to the bodyNoun (f)C2
La farmacodinamia describe qué hace en el receptor.Pharmacodynamics describes what it does at the receptor.
la bioequivalenciathe proof that a copy behaves like the originalNoun (f)C2
La bioequivalencia se demuestra con un estudio comparativo.Bioequivalence is demonstrated with a comparative study.
la polimedicaciónthe taking of many medicines at onceNoun (f)C2
La polimedicación es un problema propio en el mayor.Polypharmacy is a problem of its own in the elderly.
la deprescripciónthe deliberate stopping, which needs as much judgement as prescribingNoun (f)C2
La deprescripción exige tanto criterio como recetar.Deprescribing demands as much judgement as prescribing.
la farmacogenéticathe study of why the same dose does not suit everybodyNoun (f)C2
La farmacogenética explica por qué la misma dosis no sirve a todos.Pharmacogenetics explains why the same dose does not suit everybody.
Noun (m) (4)
el aclaramientothe volume of blood cleared of it per unit of timeNoun (m)C2
El aclaramiento baja con la función renal.Clearance falls with kidney function.
el agonistathe drug that switches that site on as the body wouldNoun (m)C2
El agonista activa el receptor como lo haría el propio cuerpo.The agonist activates the receptor as the body itself would.
el metaanálisisthe pooling of comparable studies into one estimateNoun (m)C2
El metaanálisis reúne estudios comparables.The meta-analysis brings together comparable studies.
el biosimilarthe biological copy, which by its nature cannot be identicalNoun (m)C2
El biosimilar no puede ser idéntico por naturaleza.The biosimilar cannot by its nature be identical.
This list belongs to Health and the body — 26 lists and 1248 words that can also be practised as a whole.
Practise this list
From these 50 words, as many per round as you like — up to all of them: first what is due today, then new ones. First you choose, then you fill the gap, then you write it yourself. Mistakes come back again shortly.