C2 · 50 words
Epistemology in Spanish
Knowledge, justification, truth, doubt — the terms philosophy uses to talk about knowing itself.
La contrastación empírica is empirical testing, and the verb behind it is a trap. Contrastar means to check one thing against another to see whether it holds: contrastar la noticia con dos fuentesis what a newsroom does before printingdatos contrastadosare figures somebody has verified Our « contrast » — setting two things side by side to show how they differ — is contraponer or poner en contraste. And el contraste has a third job we would never guess: it is the hallmark punched into silver and gold, and the office that punches it. To ask a Spanish colleague to contrastar two accounts is to ask for verification, not for a comparison.
The words
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Phrase (40)
la creencia justificadathe belief with grounds behind it, which can still be falsePhraseC2
La creencia justificada todavía puede ser falsa.A justified belief can still be false.
la justificación epistémicathe grounds behind a belief, which are a matter of degreePhraseC2
La justificación epistémica es cuestión de grado.Epistemic justification is a matter of degree.
la verdad como correspondenciatruth as the fit between a statement and a factPhraseC2
La verdad como correspondencia compara enunciado y hecho.Truth as correspondence compares a statement with a fact.
la verdad como coherenciatruth as the fit with everything else that is heldPhraseC2
La verdad como coherencia mide el encaje con el resto.Truth as coherence measures the fit with everything else.
el escepticismo filosóficothe withholding of judgement rather than the denial of itPhraseC2
El escepticismo filosófico no niega, suspende el juicio.Philosophical scepticism does not deny, it withholds judgement.
la duda metódicathe doubt used as a tool and not held as a positionPhraseC2
La duda metódica es un instrumento, no una postura.Methodical doubt is an instrument, not a stance.
el conocimiento a prioriknowledge that owes nothing to experiencePhraseC2
El conocimiento a priori no depende de la experiencia.A priori knowledge does not depend on experience.
el conocimiento empíricoknowledge that comes from experience and is corrected by itPhraseC2
El conocimiento empírico se corrige con nueva observación.Empirical knowledge is corrected by fresh observation.
el enunciado analíticothe statement made true by its own meaningPhraseC2
El enunciado analítico es verdadero por su propio significado.An analytic statement is true by its own meaning.
el enunciado sintéticothe statement that adds something to its subjectPhraseC2
El enunciado sintético añade algo al sujeto.A synthetic statement adds something to the subject.
el idealismo trascendentalthe view that asks what makes knowing possible at allPhraseC2
El idealismo trascendental pregunta por las condiciones del conocer.Transcendental idealism asks after the conditions of knowing.
el realismo epistemológicothe view that there is a world independent of the knowerPhraseC2
El realismo epistemológico afirma un mundo independiente.Epistemological realism asserts an independent world.
el relativismo cognoscitivothe view that makes knowledge relative to a standpointPhraseC2
El relativismo cognoscitivo se refuta a sí mismo si se absolutiza.Cognitive relativism refutes itself once it is made absolute.
la exigencia de justificaciónthe duty to give grounds, which falls on whoever assertsPhraseC2
La exigencia de justificación recae en quien afirma.The duty to justify falls on whoever makes the claim.
la inferencia deductivathe inference that carries the truth of the premises alongPhraseC2
La inferencia deductiva conserva la verdad de las premisas.Deductive inference preserves the truth of the premises.
la inferencia inductivathe inference that supports without guaranteeingPhraseC2
La inferencia inductiva no garantiza nada, solo apoya.Inductive inference guarantees nothing, it only supports.
la inferencia a la mejor explicaciónthe inference that picks the hypothesis explaining the mostPhraseC2
La inferencia a la mejor explicación elige la hipótesis que más explica.Inference to the best explanation picks the hypothesis that explains most.
el problema de la inducciónthe difficulty that no past run of cases settles the next onePhraseC2
El problema de la inducción sigue sin solución cómoda.The problem of induction still has no comfortable solution.
la contrastación empíricathe testing against observation, which refutes better than it confirmsPhraseC2
La contrastación empírica puede refutar, no confirmar del todo.Empirical testing can refute, not fully confirm.
la hipótesis auxiliarthe extra assumption that saves a theory at a pricePhraseC2
La hipótesis auxiliar salva la teoría a un precio.The auxiliary hypothesis saves the theory at a price.
el paradigma científicothe frame that decides which questions make sensePhraseC2
El paradigma científico decide qué preguntas tienen sentido.The scientific paradigm decides which questions make sense.
el criterio de demarcaciónthe line drawn between science and what is not sciencePhraseC2
El criterio de demarcación separa ciencia de metafísica.The criterion of demarcation separates science from metaphysics.
la subdeterminación de la teoríathe fact that the data leave more than one theory standingPhraseC2
La subdeterminación de la teoría deja varias explicaciones posibles.The underdetermination of theory leaves several explanations open.
la navaja de Occamthe principle that cuts out whatever is not neededPhraseC2
La navaja de Occam recorta lo que no hace falta.Occam's razor cuts away what is not needed.
el sesgo del supervivientethe mistake of looking only at what came throughPhraseC2
El sesgo del superviviente solo mira lo que quedó.Survivorship bias looks only at what was left.
el testimonio como fuentewhat other people tell us, taken as a source of knowledgePhraseC2
El testimonio como fuente sostiene casi todo lo que sabemos.Testimony as a source holds up almost everything we know.
la autoridad epistémicathe standing to be believed, which is granted and can be withdrawnPhraseC2
La autoridad epistémica se delega y se puede revocar.Epistemic authority is delegated and can be revoked.
el desacuerdo entre paresthe clash between two equally able people, which should lower bothPhraseC2
El desacuerdo entre pares obliga a bajar la confianza.Disagreement between peers should lower one's confidence.
la ignorancia deliberadathe choosing not to know, which is a position of its ownPhraseC2
La ignorancia deliberada también es una postura.Deliberate ignorance is a position too.
la opacidad del expertothe expert's reasoning that cannot be followed from outsidePhraseC2
La opacidad del experto obliga a confiar sin comprobar.The opacity of the expert forces trust without checking.
la injusticia epistémicathe denial of credibility on account of who is speakingPhraseC2
La injusticia epistémica niega credibilidad por quién habla.Epistemic injustice denies credibility because of who is speaking.
el conocimiento tácitothe knowledge that cannot be written downPhraseC2
El conocimiento tácito no se deja escribir.Tacit knowledge will not let itself be written down.
la evidencia disponiblethe part of the evidence that happens to be at handPhraseC2
La evidencia disponible no es toda la que existe.The available evidence is not all the evidence there is.
el grado de creenciahow strongly a belief is held, expressible as a probabilityPhraseC2
El grado de creencia se puede expresar como probabilidad.A degree of belief can be expressed as a probability.
la actualización de creenciasthe changing of a belief by rule rather than by whimPhraseC2
La actualización de creencias sigue una regla, no un capricho.Updating a belief follows a rule, not a whim.
el regreso al infinitothe demand for grounds behind grounds that never stopsPhraseC2
El regreso al infinito amenaza toda justificación.The infinite regress threatens every justification.
el círculo vicioso argumentativothe argument that leans on what it set out to provePhraseC2
El círculo vicioso argumentativo se apoya en lo que quiere probar.The vicious circle leans on what it wants to prove.
la intuición como fuentewhat seems plain without argument, taken as a source of knowledgePhraseC2
La intuición como fuente se acepta con reservas.Intuition as a source is admitted with reservations.
el experimento mentalthe case imagined rather than run, which tests nothing and clears muchPhraseC2
El experimento mental no comprueba nada y aclara mucho.The thought experiment proves nothing and clarifies a great deal.
la carga teórica de la observaciónthe way what is expected shapes what is observedPhraseC2
La carga teórica de la observación impide ver sin suposiciones.The theory-ladenness of observation stops us seeing without assumptions.
Noun (f) (5)
la epistemologíathe study of how knowledge is come by and justifiedNoun (f)C2
La epistemología pregunta cómo sabemos lo que creemos saber.Epistemology asks how we know what we believe we know.
la gnoseologíathe study of knowledge in general, however it is gotNoun (f)C2
La gnoseología se ocupa del conocimiento en general.The theory of knowledge deals with knowing in general.
la falsabilidadthe property of being capable of being shown falseNoun (f)C2
La falsabilidad distingue ciencia de lo que no lo es.Falsifiability tells science from what is not science.
la inconmensurabilidadthe impossibility of translating one such frame into anotherNoun (f)C2
La inconmensurabilidad impide traducir un paradigma a otro.Incommensurability stops one paradigm being translated into another.
la intersubjetividadthe agreement between observers that stands in for objectivityNoun (f)C2
La intersubjetividad sustituye a una objetividad imposible.Intersubjectivity takes the place of an impossible objectivity.
Noun (m) (5)
el fundacionalismothe view that justification rests on beliefs needing no supportNoun (m)C2
El fundacionalismo busca creencias que no necesiten apoyo.Foundationalism looks for beliefs that need no support.
el coherentismothe view that justification rests on the whole web, not a baseNoun (m)C2
El coherentismo sostiene la red entera, no un cimiento.Coherentism holds up the whole web, not a foundation.
el racionalismothe view that puts reason ahead of the sensesNoun (m)C2
El racionalismo confía en la razón antes que en los sentidos.Rationalism trusts reason ahead of the senses.
el empirismothe view that derives everything from experienceNoun (m)C2
El empirismo hace derivar todo de la experiencia.Empiricism derives everything from experience.
el falibilismothe acceptance that any belief may be wrong, truth still standingNoun (m)C2
El falibilismo acepta el error sin renunciar a la verdad.Fallibilism accepts error without giving up on truth.
This list belongs to Opinions and arguing — twelve lists and 596 words that can also be practised as a whole.
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