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From these 36 words, as many per round as you like — up to all of them: first what is due today, then new ones. First you choose, then you fill the gap, then you write it yourself. Mistakes come back again shortly.
More about this list The third entry is a entropia , and « entropy » is one of the few technical words whose birth is on record. Rudolf Clausius made it in 1865 out of the Greek en , in, and tropḗ , a turning or a transformation, and he said plainly why he had chosen that shape: he wanted a name as close as possible to the sound of « energy », because the two quantities were meant to be thought about together. The word is therefore not a description of anything but a deliberate twin. Its Greek half is not at all rare in English, merely unrecognised. « The tropics » are the latitudes at which the sun turns back; « a heliotrope » is a flower that turns with the light; « a trope » is a figure of speech, a turn given to a word. Knowing this makes the quantity no easier, but it does settle one thing that beginners assume too quickly. The name says nothing whatever about disorder: it names a turning, and disorder is an interpretation laid over it long afterwards.
The words
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Adjective (3)
Grammar for these: Adjective agreement · Where the adjective stands
adiabático adiabatic Adjective C2 Num recipiente adiabático não entra nem sai calor. No heat enters or leaves an adiabatic vessel.
isotérmico isothermal Adjective C2 Numa expansão isotérmica a temperatura fica igual. In an isothermal expansion the temperature stays the same.
isobárico isobaric Adjective C2 O aquecimento isobárico decorre a pressão constante. Isobaric heating takes place at constant pressure.
Noun (f) (18)
Grammar for these: Definite article: o, a, os, as · Contractions: do, na, ao, pelo
a energia interna the internal energy Noun (f) C2 A energia interna sobe quando o gás é comprimido. Internal energy rises when the gas is compressed.
a entalpia the enthalpy Noun (f) C2 A entalpia junta a energia interna e o trabalho de volume. Enthalpy puts internal energy and volume work together.
a entropia the entropy Noun (f) C2 A entropia de um sistema fechado nunca desce. The entropy of a closed system never falls.
a irreversibilidade the irreversibility Noun (f) C2 O atrito é a fonte mais comum de irreversibilidade. Friction is the commonest source of irreversibility.
a função de estado the state function Noun (f) C2 Uma função de estado não pergunta por onde o sistema passou. A state function does not ask which way the system went.
a dependência do percurso the path dependence Noun (f) C2 O trabalho mostra dependência do percurso, o calor também. Work shows path dependence, and so does heat.
a capacidade térmica the heat capacity Noun (f) C2 A água tem uma capacidade térmica invulgarmente alta. Water has an unusually high heat capacity.
a transição de fase the phase transition Noun (f) C2 A transição de fase acontece a uma temperatura fixa. A phase transition happens at a fixed temperature.
a lei dos gases ideais the ideal gas law Noun (f) C2 A lei dos gases ideais falha perto da liquefação. The ideal gas law fails close to liquefaction.
a equipartição da energia the equipartition of energy Noun (f) C2 A equipartição da energia só vale acima de certa temperatura. Equipartition of energy only holds above a certain temperature.
a máquina térmica the heat engine Noun (f) C2 A máquina térmica devolve sempre parte do calor ao ambiente. A heat engine always gives part of the heat back to its surroundings.
a máquina de transferência de calor the heat-shifting machine Noun (f) C2 A máquina de transferência de calor não cria calor, desloca-o. A heat-shifting machine does not create heat, it moves it.
a exergia the exergy Noun (f) C2 A exergia diz que parte da energia ainda serve para trabalho. Exergy says how much of the energy is still good for work.
a condutividade térmica the thermal conductivity Noun (f) C2 A condutividade térmica do metal é muito maior do que a da lã. The thermal conductivity of metal is far greater than that of wool.
a radiação térmica the thermal radiation Noun (f) C2 A radiação térmica atravessa o vazio sem qualquer matéria. Thermal radiation crosses a vacuum with no matter at all.
a emissividade the emissivity Noun (f) C2 A emissividade de uma chapa polida é baixa. The emissivity of a polished sheet is low.
a energia livre the free energy Noun (f) C2 A energia livre indica se a reação decorre por si. Free energy tells whether the reaction runs on its own.
a ponte térmica the thermal bridge Noun (f) C2 A ponte térmica junto à varanda deixa a parede fria. The thermal bridge beside the balcony leaves the wall cold.
Noun (m) (15)
Grammar for these: Definite article: o, a, os, as · Contractions: do, na, ao, pelo
o processo reversível the reversible process Noun (m) C2 O processo reversível é um limite que nenhuma máquina alcança. A reversible process is a limit no machine reaches.
o calor de transformação the latent heat Noun (m) C2 O calor de transformação entra sem que a temperatura suba. Latent heat goes in without the temperature rising.
o ponto triplo the triple point Noun (m) C2 No ponto triplo coexistem sólido, líquido e vapor. At the triple point solid, liquid and vapour stand side by side.
o ponto crítico the critical point Noun (m) C2 Acima do ponto crítico deixa de haver duas fases distintas. Above the critical point there are no longer two separate phases.
o grau de liberdade the degree of freedom Noun (m) C2 Cada grau de liberdade guarda a sua parte da energia. Each degree of freedom keeps its share of the energy.
o rendimento máximo teórico the Carnot efficiency Noun (m) C2 O rendimento máximo teórico depende apenas das duas temperaturas. The Carnot efficiency depends on the two temperatures alone.
o coeficiente de eficácia the coefficient of performance Noun (m) C2 O coeficiente de eficácia cai quando lá fora está muito frio. The coefficient of performance drops when it is very cold outside.
o calor residual the waste heat Noun (m) C2 O calor residual da fábrica aquece o bairro vizinho. The waste heat from the factory warms the neighbouring district.
o transporte por convecção the convective transport Noun (m) C2 O transporte por convecção precisa de um fluido que se mova. Convective transport needs a fluid that moves.
o corpo negro the black body Noun (m) C2 O corpo negro absorve tudo o que lhe chega. A black body absorbs everything that reaches it.
o equilíbrio térmico the thermal equilibrium Noun (m) C2 Dois corpos em equilíbrio térmico têm a mesma temperatura. Two bodies in thermal equilibrium are at the same temperature.
o potencial químico the chemical potential Noun (m) C2 A matéria desloca-se do potencial químico alto para o baixo. Matter moves from high chemical potential to low.
o permutador de calor the heat exchanger Noun (m) C2 O permutador de calor aproveita o ar que sai. The heat exchanger makes use of the outgoing air.
o valor de isolamento the insulation value Noun (m) C2 O valor de isolamento da parede melhorou com a obra. The insulation value of the wall improved with the building work.
o calor específico the specific heat Noun (m) C2 O calor específico indica quanta energia aquece um quilo. Specific heat says how much energy warms one kilogramme.
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