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C2  ·  32 words

Control engineering in Portuguese

Why a system that corrects too quickly begins to swing.

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From these 32 words, as many per round as you like — up to all of them: first what is due today, then new ones. First you choose, then you fill the gap, then you write it yourself. Mistakes come back again shortly.

More about this list

The thirty-first entry is a comutação sem sobressalto, and the term English uses for it is « bumpless transfer ». Portuguese names the thing by what it lacks, a sobressalto, a start or a jolt; English picks up the homeliest noun it owns and then denies it. « A bump » is the rise in the road that lifts the wheels, and it is also the dull sound of one thing striking another. It is what happens when you « bump into » an old colleague, which is meeting by accident and nothing more. It is the swelling left by an insect and the goosebumps of a cold morning. « The bumper » is the bar across the front of a car, while « a bumper crop » is an unusually large one, the word having quietly turned into an adjective meaning generous. And « to be bumped » from a flight is to be taken off it because the aircraft was oversold. Against all that, « bumpless » claims one thing only: at the moment the operator hands the valve over to the controller, nothing on the chart moves.

The words

Noun (f) (19)

Grammar for these: Definite article: o, a, os, as · Contractions: do, na, ao, pelo

a malha de controlothe control loopNoun (f)C2
A malha de controlo mede, compara e corrige sem parar.The control loop measures, compares and corrects without a pause.
a variável de processothe process variableNoun (f)C2
A variável de processo é medida a cada instante.The process variable is measured at every instant.
a variável manipuladathe manipulated variableNoun (f)C2
A variável manipulada é a abertura da válvula.The manipulated variable is how far the valve is open.
a ação integralthe integral actionNoun (f)C2
A ação integral apaga o desvio que fica.The integral action wipes out the deviation that is left.
a ação derivativathe derivative actionNoun (f)C2
A ação derivativa reage à velocidade da mudança.The derivative action answers the speed of the change.
a saturação do integradorthe integrator windupNoun (f)C2
A saturação do integrador deixa o regulador cego durante segundos.Integrator windup leaves the controller blind for seconds.
a sobrelevaçãothe overshootNoun (f)C2
A sobrelevação passou muito acima do valor pedido.The overshoot went far above the value that had been asked for.
a constante de tempothe time constantNoun (f)C2
A constante de tempo do forno é de vários minutos.The time constant of the furnace is several minutes.
a resposta ao degrauthe step responseNoun (f)C2
A resposta ao degrau diz quase tudo sobre o sistema.The step response tells almost everything about the system.
a resposta em frequênciathe frequency responseNoun (f)C2
A resposta em frequência mostra onde o sistema deixa de seguir.The frequency response shows where the system stops keeping up.
a margem de fasethe phase marginNoun (f)C2
Com pouca margem de fase a malha começa a oscilar.With little phase margin the loop starts to swing.
a margem de ganhothe gain marginNoun (f)C2
A margem de ganho diz quanto se pode aumentar sem perigo.The gain margin says how much may be raised without danger.
a compensação antecipativathe feedforward compensationNoun (f)C2
A compensação antecipativa age antes de o desvio aparecer.Feedforward compensation acts before the deviation shows up.
a filtragem do sinalthe signal filteringNoun (f)C2
A filtragem do sinal acalma a saída e atrasa-a um pouco.Filtering the signal calms the output and delays it a little.
a quantizaçãothe quantisationNoun (f)C2
A quantização deixa degraus finos na leitura.Quantisation leaves fine steps in the reading.
a saturação do atuadorthe actuator saturationNoun (f)C2
A saturação do atuador limita o que o regulador pode pedir.Actuator saturation limits what the controller may ask for.
a identificação do sistemathe system identificationNoun (f)C2
A identificação do sistema parte de ensaios medidos.System identification starts from measured trials.
a regra de sintoniathe tuning ruleNoun (f)C2
A regra de sintonia dá um ponto de partida, não a resposta.A tuning rule gives a starting point, not the answer.
a comutação sem sobressaltothe bumpless transferNoun (f)C2
A comutação sem sobressalto passa do manual ao automático sem salto.A bumpless transfer goes from manual to automatic with no jump.

Noun (m) (13)

Grammar for these: Definite article: o, a, os, as · Contractions: do, na, ao, pelo

o controlo em malha abertathe open-loop controlNoun (m)C2
No controlo em malha aberta ninguém verifica o resultado.In open-loop control nobody checks the result.
o valor de consignathe setpointNoun (m)C2
O operador subiu o valor de consigna em dois graus.The operator raised the setpoint by two degrees.
o erro de regulaçãothe control errorNoun (m)C2
O erro de regulação é a diferença entre o desejado e o real.The control error is the difference between what is wanted and what there is.
o ganho proporcionalthe proportional gainNoun (m)C2
Um ganho proporcional alto torna a resposta nervosa.A high proportional gain makes the response jumpy.
o erro em regime permanentethe steady-state errorNoun (m)C2
Sem ação integral fica sempre um erro em regime permanente.Without integral action a steady-state error always stays behind.
o tempo de estabelecimentothe settling timeNoun (m)C2
O tempo de estabelecimento conta até a curva ficar quieta.The settling time runs until the curve goes quiet.
o tempo de subidathe rise timeNoun (m)C2
Um tempo de subida curto custa mais energia.A short rise time costs more energy.
o tempo mortothe dead timeNoun (m)C2
O tempo morto do tubo estraga qualquer regulação rápida.The dead time of the pipe ruins any fast control.
o ruído do sensorthe sensor noiseNoun (m)C2
O ruído do sensor entra todo na ação derivativa.The sensor noise goes straight into the derivative action.
o intervalo de amostragemthe sampling intervalNoun (m)C2
Um intervalo de amostragem longo esconde o que se passa.A long sampling interval hides what is going on.
o controlo em cascatathe cascade controlNoun (m)C2
O controlo em cascata usa uma malha rápida dentro de outra lenta.Cascade control puts a fast loop inside a slow one.
o controlo baseado em modelothe model-based controlNoun (m)C2
O controlo baseado em modelo prevê o que vem a seguir.Model-based control foresees what is coming next.
o estado segurothe safe stateNoun (m)C2
Ao falhar a energia, a instalação cai no estado seguro.When the power fails, the plant falls into the safe state.

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