Frequency, risk, bias — and what cause is allowed to mean.
Practise this list
From these 40 words, as many per round as you like — up to all of them: first what is due today, then new ones. First you choose, then you fill the gap, then you write it yourself. Mistakes come back again shortly.
More about this list
The seventh entry is le risque relatif, and the noun in it is safe enough: it means what « risk » means, and an epidemiologist uses the two words the same way. The verb behind it has drifted, and it has drifted far enough to change what a sentence says. Risquer de followed by an infinitive warns nobody in French. It states a likelihood and nothing more — ce chiffre risque de baisser says the figure will probably fall, ça risque de prendre du temps says it will probably take a while, and neither carries the faintest suggestion of danger. In speech the construction will even take a welcome outcome, ça risque d’être intéressant, said of something one is looking forward to. The negative is the form to learn first, because it is a flat denial and not a reassurance: il ne risque pas de pleuvoir means there is no chance of rain at all. « To risk » does none of this. An English sentence has to reach for « likely to », « may well » or « there is no chance that », and a translator who keeps the verb turns a plain forecast into a warning.
L’essai randomisé tire au sort le groupe de chacun.The randomised controlled trial draws each person’s group by lot.
le risque relatifthe relative riskNoun (m)C2
Le risque relatif compare deux groupes, il ne dit rien de l’ampleur.The relative risk compares two groups and says nothing about the size of the effect.
le risque absoluthe absolute riskNoun (m)C2
Le risque absolu reste faible malgré le doublement annoncé.The absolute risk stays small despite the doubling that was announced.
le rapport de cotesthe odds ratioNoun (m)C2
Le rapport de cotes s’impose quand on part des cas.The odds ratio imposes itself once one starts from the cases.
le nombre nécessaire à traiterthe number needed to treatNoun (m)C2
Le nombre nécessaire à traiter rend la mesure concrète.The number needed to treat makes the measure concrete.
le biais de confusionconfounding biasNoun (m)C2
Le biais de confusion fait passer un tiers facteur pour la cause.Confounding bias makes a third factor look like the cause.
le biais de recrutementselection bias at recruitmentNoun (m)C2
Le biais de recrutement commence à la porte du cabinet.Selection bias at recruitment begins at the surgery door.
le biais de mémoirerecall biasNoun (m)C2
Le biais de mémoire touche surtout les questions anciennes.Recall bias affects questions about the distant past most of all.
l’effet du travailleur sainthe healthy worker effectNoun (m)C2
L’effet du travailleur sain rend une usine plus saine qu’elle n’est.The healthy worker effect makes a plant look healthier than it is.
le biais de causalité inversereverse causation biasNoun (m)C2
Le biais de causalité inverse retourne la flèche entre cause et effet.Reverse causation bias turns the arrow between cause and effect around.
le biais d’avance au diagnosticlead-time biasNoun (m)C2
Le biais d’avance au diagnostic allonge la survie sans rien changer.Lead-time bias lengthens survival without changing anything.
le biais de duréelength biasNoun (m)C2
Le biais de durée fait tomber les formes lentes dans le filet.Length bias lets the slow forms fall into the net.
le surdiagnosticoverdiagnosisNoun (m)C2
Le surdiagnostic trouve ce qui n’aurait jamais gêné personne.Overdiagnosis finds what would never have troubled anybody.
le dépistage de massemass screeningNoun (m)C2
Le dépistage de masse s’adresse à des gens qui vont bien.Mass screening addresses people who are perfectly well.
le taux de fausses alertesthe false alarm rateNoun (m)C2
Le taux de fausses alertes pèse sur les personnes convoquées pour rien.The false alarm rate weighs on the people called in for nothing.
le taux de reproduction de basethe basic reproduction numberNoun (m)C2
Le taux de reproduction de base suppose une population sans défense.The basic reproduction number assumes a population with no defences.
le taux de reproduction effectifthe effective reproduction numberNoun (m)C2
Le taux de reproduction effectif tient compte des personnes déjà protégées.The effective reproduction number takes account of those already protected.
le seuil d’immunité collectivethe herd immunity thresholdNoun (m)C2
Le seuil d’immunité collective dépend de la contagiosité.The herd immunity threshold depends on how contagious the disease is.
l’intervalle sérielthe serial intervalNoun (m)C2
L’intervalle sériel sépare deux cas qui se suivent.The serial interval separates two cases that follow one another.
le taux de létalitéthe case fatality rateNoun (m)C2
Le taux de létalité dépend de ce qu’on a compté comme cas.The case fatality rate depends on what was counted as a case.
le cabinet sentinellethe sentinel practiceNoun (m)C2
Le cabinet sentinelle transmet chaque semaine ce qu’il a vu.The sentinel practice reports every week what it has seen.
le taux standardiséthe standardised rateNoun (m)C2
Le taux standardisé rend deux régions comparables malgré leur âge.The standardised rate makes two regions comparable despite their ages.
le sophisme écologiquethe ecological fallacyNoun (m)C2
Le sophisme écologique conclut de la région à l’habitant.The ecological fallacy argues from the region to the inhabitant.