Rain, sun, heat and cold, and the four seasons of the year.
Two pairs of adjectives do most of the work: 暑い and 寒い for heat and cold in the air, and 暖かい and 涼しい for the pleasant temperatures between them. English uses "hot" and "cold" for the weather and for things you touch alike; Japanese does not — a cold drink is 冷たい, never 寒い. Nor does it "rain": rain and snow fall, 雨が降ります.
The words
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Verb (4)
晴れるto clear up; to be fineVerbN5
朝は雨でしたが、午後は晴れました。It rained in the morning, but it cleared up in the afternoon.
降るto fall (of rain or snow)VerbN5
外は雨が降っています。It is raining outside.
Japanese has no verb "to rain": 雨が降る, rain falls.
やむto stop (of rain or snow)VerbN4
雨がやみました。出かけましょう。The rain has stopped. Let's go out.
Usually written in kana.
溶けるto meltVerbN4
暖かくなって、雪が溶けました。It got warmer and the snow melted.
Noun (29)
天気weatherNounN5
今日はいい天気ですね。Lovely weather today, isn't it?
いい天気 on its own means fine, sunny weather.
晴れfine weather; sunnyNounN5
明日は晴れでしょう。It will probably be sunny tomorrow.
雨rainNounN5
雨の日は家で本を読みます。On rainy days I read at home.
雪snowNounN5
北海道では冬にたくさん雪が降ります。In Hokkaido a lot of snow falls in winter.
空skyNounN5
今日は空がとても青いです。The sky is very blue today.
雲cloudNounN5
空に白い雲が浮かんでいます。White clouds are floating in the sky.
太陽the sunNounN4
太陽が出て、暖かくなりました。The sun came out and it got warmer.
春springNounN5
春は暖かくて、気持ちがいいです。Spring is warm and pleasant.
夏summerNounN5
日本の夏はとても暑いです。Summer in Japan is very hot.
秋autumnNounN5
秋は涼しいので、好きです。I like autumn because it is cool.
冬winterNounN5
冬は朝起きるのが大変です。In winter, getting up in the morning is hard.
季節seasonNounN4
どの季節が一番好きですか。Which season do you like best?
梅雨the rainy season (early summer)NounN4
六月は梅雨で、雨の日が多いです。June is the rainy season, and there are many rainy days.
Roughly June to the middle of July in most of Japan.
大雨heavy rainNounN4
大雨で電車が止まりました。The trains stopped because of the heavy rain.
桜cherry blossom; cherry treeNounN4
東京の桜は三月の終わりごろに咲きます。In Tokyo the cherry trees blossom around the end of March.
暑さthe heatNounN4
日本の夏の暑さにびっくりしました。I was surprised by the heat of the Japanese summer.
寒さthe coldNounN4
冬の寒さが苦手です。I do not cope well with the winter cold.
温度temperatureNounN4
部屋の温度は何度ですか。What is the temperature in the room?
Of anything — a room, water, an oven. The temperature of the air outside is 気温.
暖房heatingNounN4
寒いですね。暖房をつけましょうか。It's cold. Shall I turn the heating on?
冷房air conditioning (cooling)NounN4
電車の中は冷房が強いです。The air conditioning on the train is turned up high.
氷iceNounN4
寒い朝、道に氷がありました。On a cold morning there was ice on the road.
星starNounN5
今夜は星がよく見えます。The stars are easy to see tonight.
月the moonNounN5
空に丸い月が出ています。A round moon is out in the sky.
The same kanji names the months, but there it is read がつ: 一月.
雷thunder; lightningNounN4
夜、大きな雷の音がしました。In the night there was a loud clap of thunder.
夏休みthe summer holidaysNounN5
夏休みに海へ行きました。I went to the seaside in the summer holidays.
冬休みthe winter holidaysNounN5
冬休みにスキーに行きます。I am going skiing in the winter holidays.
一年中all year roundNounN4
この山には一年中雪があります。There is snow on this mountain all year round.
春休みthe spring holidaysNounN4
春休みに友達と京都へ行きます。I am going to Kyoto with friends in the spring holidays.
In Japan the break between two school years, from late March into early April.
マイナスminus (below zero)NounN4
今朝はマイナス五度でした。It was minus five degrees this morning.
i-adjective (6)
暑いhot (weather)i-adjectiveN5
今日は本当に暑いですね。It is really hot today, isn't it?
For the weather, a room or how hot you feel. A hot drink is 熱い — the same sound, another kanji.
寒いcold (weather)i-adjectiveN5
寒いですから、窓を閉めてください。It is cold, so please close the window.
暖かいwarm (weather)i-adjectiveN5
三月になって、暖かくなりました。Now that it is March, it has got warmer.
For the air; warm food or a warm heart is written 温かい.
涼しいcool (pleasantly)i-adjectiveN5
朝と夜は涼しいです。Mornings and evenings are cool.
蒸し暑いhot and humidi-adjectiveN4
東京の夏は蒸し暑いです。Summers in Tokyo are hot and humid.
冷たいcold (to the touch)i-adjectiveN5
冷たい雨が降っています。A cold rain is falling.
For water, drinks, rain or a hand; cold air is 寒い.
Counter (1)
〜度degree (of temperature)CounterN5
今日は三十度まで上がりました。It went up to thirty degrees today.
