C2 · 42 words
Oncology in Italian
Findings, stage, treatment, course — and how all of it is spoken about.
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From these 42 words, as many per round as you like — up to all of them: first what is due today, then new ones. First you choose, then you fill the gap, then you write it yourself. Mistakes come back again shortly.
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The eighth entry is l’esame estemporaneo, and the adjective is one an English reader will file in entirely the wrong room. « Extempore » and « extemporaneous » belong to the platform: a speech given without notes, a remark invented on the spot, and the word carries a faint promise that nothing was prepared. Italian keeps that sense too — un discorso estemporaneo is exactly an off-the-cuff speech, una battuta estemporanea a remark that came out of nowhere — but it also keeps the plain Latin one underneath, ex tempore, out of the moment, done there and then. That is what the pathology term means, and nothing about the procedure is improvised: the tissue is examined while the patient is still on the table and the surgeon is waiting for the answer before deciding how much to remove. The part worth keeping is what each language chose to put in the name. Italian names the moment, the answer that must come now. English names the method and calls it « a frozen section », after the freezing that makes a thin slice possible in minutes. One procedure, two names, not one idea in common.
The words
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Noun (f) (25)
Grammar for these: Definite article: il, lo, la · Indefinite article: un, uno
la neoformazione benignathe benign growthNoun (f)C2
La neoformazione benigna cresce piano e resta dov’è.The benign growth grows slowly and stays where it is.
la neoformazione malignathe malignant growthNoun (f)C2
La neoformazione maligna supera il confine del tessuto.The malignant growth crosses the boundary of the tissue.
la metastasithe metastasisNoun (f)C2
La metastasi è comparsa nel fegato.The metastasis appeared in the liver.
l’istologiahistologyNoun (f)C2
L’istologia conferma il sospetto del chirurgo.Histology confirms the surgeon’s suspicion.
la stadiazionethe stagingNoun (f)C2
La stadiazione dice quanto la malattia si è estesa.Staging says how far the disease has spread.
la terapia neoadiuvantethe neoadjuvant treatmentNoun (f)C2
La terapia neoadiuvante riduce il tumore prima dell’intervento.The neoadjuvant treatment shrinks the tumour before the operation.
la terapia adiuvantethe adjuvant treatmentNoun (f)C2
La terapia adiuvante mira alle cellule rimaste.The adjuvant treatment aims at the cells that are left.
la terapia miratathe targeted therapyNoun (f)C2
La terapia mirata agisce solo se il bersaglio è presente.The targeted therapy works only if the target is there.
l’indagine molecolarethe molecular testingNoun (f)C2
L’indagine molecolare cerca le alterazioni nel tessuto.Molecular testing looks for the changes in the tissue.
l’immunoterapiaimmunotherapyNoun (f)C2
L’immunoterapia insegna alle difese a riconoscere le cellule malate.Immunotherapy teaches the defences to recognise the diseased cells.
la terapia ormonalehormone therapyNoun (f)C2
La terapia ormonale dura anni e si prende ogni giorno.Hormone therapy lasts for years and is taken every day.
la seduta di radioterapiathe radiotherapy sessionNoun (f)C2
Ogni seduta di radioterapia dura pochi minuti.Each radiotherapy session lasts a few minutes.
la tossicità dose-limitantethe dose-limiting toxicityNoun (f)C2
La tossicità dose-limitante impone di ridurre la quantità.The dose-limiting toxicity forces the amount to be reduced.
la terapia di supportothe supportive careNoun (f)C2
La terapia di supporto tiene a bada la nausea.The supportive care keeps the nausea at bay.
la risposta parzialethe partial responseNoun (f)C2
La risposta parziale vuol dire che il tumore si è ridotto ma resta.A partial response means that the tumour has shrunk but is still there.
la malattia stabilestable diseaseNoun (f)C2
La malattia stabile non è né un miglioramento né un peggioramento.Stable disease is neither an improvement nor a worsening.
la progressione della malattiathe progression of the diseaseNoun (f)C2
La progressione della malattia obbliga a cambiare farmaco.The progression of the disease forces a change of drug.
la remissione completathe complete remissionNoun (f)C2
Dopo la remissione completa i controlli continuano.After a complete remission the check-ups carry on.
la ripresa di malattiathe recurrence of the diseaseNoun (f)C2
La ripresa di malattia è stata vista a un controllo di routine.The recurrence of the disease was seen at a routine check.
la malattia residua minimathe minimal residual diseaseNoun (f)C2
La malattia residua minima si vede solo con metodi molto sensibili.Minimal residual disease can be seen only with very sensitive methods.
la sopravvivenza globalethe overall survivalNoun (f)C2
La sopravvivenza globale conta ogni causa di morte.Overall survival counts every cause of death.
la sopravvivenza libera da progressionethe progression-free survivalNoun (f)C2
La sopravvivenza libera da progressione si misura fino al primo peggioramento.Progression-free survival is measured up to the first worsening.
la fase di uno studio clinicothe phase of a clinical trialNoun (f)C2
La fase di uno studio clinico dice a quale domanda risponde.The phase of a clinical trial says which question it answers.
la decisione condivisathe shared decision-makingNoun (f)C2
La decisione condivisa mette il medico e il malato allo stesso tavolo.Shared decision-making puts doctor and patient at the same table.
l’assistenza dopo le curethe aftercareNoun (f)C2
L’assistenza dopo le cure segue chi torna al lavoro.The aftercare follows the people who go back to work.
Noun (m) (17)
Grammar for these: Definite article: il, lo, la · Indefinite article: un, uno
il tumore primitivothe primary tumourNoun (m)C2
Il tumore primitivo è stato asportato per intero.The primary tumour was removed in its entirety.
il carcinoma in situthe carcinoma in situNoun (m)C2
Il carcinoma in situ non ha ancora oltrepassato la membrana.The carcinoma in situ has not yet broken through the membrane.
il prelievo biopticothe biopsy sampleNoun (m)C2
Il prelievo bioptico si fa in anestesia locale.The biopsy sample is taken under local anaesthetic.
l’esame estemporaneothe frozen sectionNoun (m)C2
L’esame estemporaneo arriva mentre il paziente è ancora in sala.The frozen section arrives while the patient is still in theatre.
il grado di malignitàthe grade of malignancyNoun (m)C2
Il grado di malignità descrive come appaiono le cellule.The grade of malignancy describes how the cells look.
l’interessamento linfonodalethe nodal involvementNoun (m)C2
L’interessamento linfonodale cambia il piano di cura.Nodal involvement changes the treatment plan.
il linfonodo sentinellathe sentinel nodeNoun (m)C2
Il linfonodo sentinella viene tolto e guardato subito.The sentinel node is taken out and looked at straight away.
il margine di resezionethe resection marginNoun (m)C2
Il margine di resezione è risultato libero.The resection margin turned out to be clear.
il gruppo oncologico multidisciplinarethe multidisciplinary teamNoun (m)C2
Il gruppo oncologico multidisciplinare discute ogni caso nuovo.The multidisciplinary team discusses every new case.
l’intento curativothe curative intentNoun (m)C2
La cura viene proposta con intento curativo.The treatment is offered with curative intent.
l’intento palliativothe palliative intentNoun (m)C2
Qui si cura con intento palliativo, per togliere il dolore.Here treatment is given with palliative intent, to take the pain away.
il farmaco citotossicothe cytotoxic drugNoun (m)C2
Il farmaco citotossico colpisce le cellule che si dividono in fretta.The cytotoxic drug hits the cells that divide quickly.
il tasso di risposta al trattamentothe response rate to treatmentNoun (m)C2
Il tasso di risposta al trattamento si misura dopo alcuni cicli.The response rate to treatment is measured after a few cycles.
il programma dei controllithe follow-up scheduleNoun (m)C2
Il programma dei controlli si dirada con gli anni.The follow-up schedule thins out over the years.
l’esito di qualità della vitathe quality-of-life outcomeNoun (m)C2
L’esito di qualità della vita si raccoglie con un questionario.The quality-of-life outcome is collected with a questionnaire.
il marcatore tumoralethe tumour markerNoun (m)C2
Il marcatore tumorale da solo non basta per una diagnosi.A tumour marker on its own is not enough for a diagnosis.
il ciclo di chemioterapiathe chemotherapy cycleNoun (m)C2
Tra un ciclo di chemioterapia e l’altro il corpo si riprende.Between one chemotherapy cycle and the next the body recovers.
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