· 8 lists · 353 words

Thinking and arguing

The words for putting an idea to the test.

What holds these lists together

The lists for everything between a claim and its acceptance: the inference and the fallacy, the figure that persuades without proving, the weighing up, the qualification, the question of whether a theory can be tested at all. They are needed in the same situation — you read or hear an argument in Italian and want to say where it holds and where it does not. One adjective catches English speakers every time: eventuale means possible, not eventual, so eventuali errori are any errors that may turn up. And benché takes the subjunctive: benché sia plausibile.

The eight lists

C2Inferences and fallaciesValid, well grounded, refuted — and the names of the missteps.59 words C2Rhetoric and figures of speechThe names for what a sentence does to a reader.41 words C2PhilosophyJustifying, distinguishing, refuting — the craft itself.40 words C2Philosophy of scienceHypothesis, testability, explanation — what makes a statement scientific.42 words C2Adjectives of evidential weightFrom watertight to far-fetched.47 words C2Weighing up and qualifyingThe phrases that sit between the sentences rather than inside them.36 words C2Game theoryMove, payoff, equilibrium: deciding against people who are thinking too.43 words C2Checking and judgingForty-five turns of phrase that weigh what somebody has said.45 words

Spread across the levels

The category runs across the levels — it is an area, not a difficulty. If you practise it, you can also choose a level at the top of the practice page and then get only the part that sits there.

Level	Words	Share
C2	353	100 %

Practise this category

Multiple choice and gaps, across all eight lists and all 353 words. Whatever you get wrong comes back tomorrow.