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C1  ·  45 words

Court and procedure in Italian

From the claim form to enforcement — the words an Italian judgment is written in.

Practise this list

From these 45 words, as many per round as you like — up to all of them: first what is due today, then new ones. First you choose, then you fill the gap, then you write it yourself. Mistakes come back again shortly.

More about this list

Forty-first on this list is il contraddittorio, and the trap is that English owns the adjective and not the noun. « Contradictory » in English describes two statements that cannot both be true, and outside formal logic the language has no noun in that family at all. The Italian word is a masculine noun and it names something quite different: the requirement that no side be decided against without having been able to answer. Il contraddittorio deve essere garantito is therefore not about inconsistency but about who was in the room. The phrase to watch for is in contraddittorio. A step taken in contraddittorio fra le parti is taken with both of them present and able to reply, and its opposite is written in Latin on the order itself, inaudita altera parte, the other side not heard. That is what makes the second and third entries on this page hang together, because an order obtained without the other side is exactly what an opposizione exists to answer. Outside the courtroom the same noun names a broadcast face-to-face debate, and even there the sense holds: two people, and each one gets to reply.

The words

Verb (1)

notificareto serve formallyVerbC1
L’atto è stato notificato a mezzo posta.The document was served by post.

Adjective (1)

Grammar for these: Adjective agreement · Where the adjective stands

inoppugnabileunappealableAdjectiveC1
Dopo il termine la decisione è inoppugnabile.After the time limit the decision is unappealable.

Phrase (1)

costituirsi in giudizioto enter an appearancePhraseC1
Deve costituirsi in giudizio entro venti giorni.He must enter an appearance within twenty days.

Noun (f) (24)

Grammar for these: Definite article: il, lo, la · Indefinite article: un, uno

la vocatio in iusthe summons to the first hearingNoun (f)C1
La vocatio in ius fissa il giorno della comparizione.The summons fixes the day of the first appearance.
l’opposizione a decreto ingiuntivothe objection to an order for paymentNoun (f)C1
L’opposizione a decreto ingiuntivo va proposta entro quaranta giorni.An objection to an order for payment must be lodged within forty days.
la notificaformal serviceNoun (f)C1
Il termine decorre dalla notifica.Time runs from the date of service.
la relata di notificathe certificate of serviceNoun (f)C1
La relata di notifica prova la data di consegna.The certificate of service proves the day of delivery.
la memoria difensivathe defence briefNoun (f)C1
La memoria difensiva è stata depositata in tempo.The defence brief was lodged in time.
la comparsa di rispostathe written answer to the claimNoun (f)C1
La comparsa di risposta contesta ogni punto.The written answer disputes every point.
l’eccezione di ritothe procedural objectionNoun (f)C1
L’eccezione di rito riguarda la forma, non il merito.A procedural objection concerns the form, not the merits.
l’interruzione della prescrizionethe interruption of the limitation periodNoun (f)C1
La lettera ha determinato l’interruzione della prescrizione.The letter interrupted the limitation period.
la decadenzathe loss of a right by lapse of timeNoun (f)C1
Superato il termine si incorre nella decadenza.Once the time limit has passed, the right is lost.
l’udienza di precisazione delle conclusionithe hearing for the final statement of claimsNoun (f)C1
All’udienza di precisazione delle conclusioni si chiude la causa.The case closes at the hearing for the final statement of claims.
la consulenza tecnica d’ufficiothe court-appointed expert reportNoun (f)C1
Il giudice ha disposto una consulenza tecnica d’ufficio.The judge ordered a court-appointed expert report.
la richiesta di rinvio a giudiziothe application to commit for trialNoun (f)C1
La richiesta di rinvio a giudizio è stata depositata.The application to commit for trial has been lodged.
la sentenza di primo gradothe first-instance judgmentNoun (f)C1
La sentenza di primo grado è stata impugnata.The first-instance judgment has been appealed against.
la motivazione della sentenzathe reasons for the judgmentNoun (f)C1
La motivazione della sentenza è arrivata due mesi dopo.The reasons for the judgment arrived two months later.
la soccombenzalosing the caseNoun (f)C1
Le spese seguono la soccombenza.The costs fall on the party that loses.
le spese di litethe costs of the proceedingsNoun (f)C1
Le spese di lite sono state compensate.The costs of the proceedings were set off against each other.
la provvisoria esecutorietàthe provisional enforceabilityNoun (f)C1
Il decreto ha la provvisoria esecutorietà.The order is provisionally enforceable.
la mediazione obbligatoriathe compulsory attempt at settlementNoun (f)C1
La mediazione obbligatoria precede molte cause civili.A compulsory attempt at settlement comes before many civil claims.
la transazionethe settlementNoun (f)C1
Le parti hanno raggiunto una transazione.The parties reached a settlement.
la parte attricethe claimant partyNoun (f)C1
La parte attrice deve provare il proprio diritto.The claimant party must prove its own right.
la contumaciathe failure to appear in the proceedingsNoun (f)C1
Il giudizio è proseguito in contumacia.The proceedings went on in the absence of that party.
la procura alle litithe authority to act in the proceedingsNoun (f)C1
La procura alle liti è in calce all’atto.The authority to act appears at the foot of the document.
la competenza per valorethe jurisdiction according to the value of the claimNoun (f)C1
La competenza per valore decide quale giudice se ne occupa.The value of the claim decides which court deals with it.
la nullità dell’attothe invalidity of the documentNoun (f)C1
La nullità dell’atto è stata sanata.The invalidity of the document has been cured.

Noun (m) (18)

Grammar for these: Definite article: il, lo, la · Indefinite article: un, uno

il decreto ingiuntivothe order for paymentNoun (m)C1
Il decreto ingiuntivo è stato notificato lunedì.The order for payment was served on Monday.
il deposito telematicothe electronic filingNoun (m)C1
Il deposito telematico è obbligatorio dal duemiladiciassette.Electronic filing has been compulsory since two thousand and seventeen.
il fascicolo di causathe case fileNoun (m)C1
Il fascicolo di causa contiene tutte le memorie.The case file contains every written submission.
il differimento dell’udienzathe postponement of the hearingNoun (m)C1
Il differimento dell’udienza è stato concesso.The postponement of the hearing was granted.
l’onere di allegazionethe burden of pleading the factsNoun (m)C1
L’onere di allegazione precede quello della prova.Pleading the facts comes before proving them.
il capo di imputazionethe count of the indictmentNoun (m)C1
Risponde di tre capi di imputazione.He faces three counts of the indictment.
il dispositivothe operative part of the judgmentNoun (m)C1
Solo il dispositivo è esecutivo.Only the operative part can be enforced.
il passaggio in giudicatothe point at which a judgment becomes finalNoun (m)C1
Con il passaggio in giudicato la causa è chiusa.Once the judgment becomes final the case is over.
l’atto di appellothe notice of appealNoun (m)C1
L’atto di appello va proposto entro trenta giorni.A notice of appeal must be lodged within thirty days.
il motivo di ricorsothe ground of appealNoun (m)C1
Ogni motivo di ricorso va indicato separatamente.Each ground of appeal has to be set out separately.
il rigettothe dismissal of the claimNoun (m)C1
Il rigetto della domanda è stato motivato brevemente.The dismissal of the claim was briefly reasoned.
l’accoglimentothe granting of the claimNoun (m)C1
L’accoglimento parziale ha ridotto la somma.Granting part of the claim reduced the sum.
il titolo esecutivothe enforceable instrumentNoun (m)C1
Senza titolo esecutivo non si procede.Without an enforceable instrument nothing can go ahead.
il pignoramentothe attachment of assetsNoun (m)C1
Il pignoramento riguarda il conto corrente.The attachment concerns the current account.
il sequestro conservativothe protective seizureNoun (m)C1
Il giudice ha concesso il sequestro conservativo.The judge granted the protective seizure.
il provvedimento d’urgenzathe urgent interim orderNoun (m)C1
Ha ottenuto un provvedimento d’urgenza in due giorni.She obtained an urgent interim order in two days.
il convenutothe defendantNoun (m)C1
Il convenuto non si è costituito.The defendant did not enter an appearance.
il contraddittoriothe right of each side to be heardNoun (m)C1
Il contraddittorio deve essere garantito.Both sides must be given a hearing.

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