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C2  ·  34 words

Rheumatology in Italian

Joints, vessels, connective tissue — and the timing that decides it all.

Practise this list

From these 34 words, as many per round as you like — up to all of them: first what is due today, then new ones. First you choose, then you fill the gap, then you write it yourself. Mistakes come back again shortly.

More about this list

The twenty-fifth entry is il metotrexato, and the last letter is the lesson. Italian words end in a vowel; that is the oldest habit the language has, and it is what lets a noun carry its gender and its number on its final sound. A name arriving from the international pharmacopoeia gets no exemption. It is handed the vowel it lacks and then behaves like any other noun, so « methotrexate » becomes il metotrexato, « paracetamol » becomes il paracetamolo, « ibuprofen » becomes l’ibuprofene, and « cortisone » is already close enough to walk in as il cortisone. The added vowel is not decoration. It fixes the article and it fixes the plural, so a reader who has understood it can build i cortisonici and gli antinfiammatori without being taught them one by one. The exception stands a few entries further down and proves the rule: lo screening was taken from English whole and left exactly as it came, consonant and all, so it has no plural of its own — gli screening is the same word again. What the language has digested ends in a vowel; what it has merely swallowed does not.

The words

Noun (f) (20)

Grammar for these: Definite article: il, lo, la · Indefinite article: un, uno

l’artrite infiammatoriathe inflammatory arthritisNoun (f)C2
L’artrite infiammatoria colpisce spesso le piccole articolazioni.Inflammatory arthritis often strikes the small joints.
la rigidità mattutinathe morning stiffnessNoun (f)C2
La rigidità mattutina dura più di un’ora.Morning stiffness lasts longer than an hour.
la tumefazione articolarethe joint swellingNoun (f)C2
La tumefazione articolare si sente prima di vedersi.Joint swelling can be felt before it can be seen.
la finestra di opportunitàthe window of opportunityNoun (f)C2
La finestra di opportunità si chiude dopo pochi mesi.The window of opportunity closes after a few months.
la riduzione della rima articolarethe joint space narrowingNoun (f)C2
La riduzione della rima articolare si vede alla radiografia.Joint space narrowing shows up on the x-ray.
l’osteoartrosithe osteoarthritisNoun (f)C2
L’osteoartrosi peggiora con il carico e migliora a riposo.Osteoarthritis worsens under load and improves with rest.
la gottathe goutNoun (f)C2
La gotta comincia spesso di notte.Gout often begins at night.
la vasculitethe vasculitisNoun (f)C2
La vasculite può colpire vasi di ogni calibro.Vasculitis can strike vessels of every size.
l’arterite a cellule gigantithe giant cell arteritisNoun (f)C2
L’arterite a cellule giganti minaccia la vista.Giant cell arteritis threatens the sight.
la polimialgiathe polymyalgiaNoun (f)C2
La polimialgia rende difficile alzare le braccia.Polymyalgia makes lifting the arms difficult.
la spondiloartritethe spondyloarthritisNoun (f)C2
La spondiloartrite dà mal di schiena che migliora muovendosi.Spondyloarthritis causes back pain that eases with movement.
l’articolazione sacroiliacathe sacroiliac jointNoun (f)C2
L’articolazione sacroiliaca si studia con la risonanza.The sacroiliac joint is examined with a scan.
l’entesitethe enthesitisNoun (f)C2
L’entesite fa male dove il tendine si attacca all’osso.Enthesitis hurts where the tendon attaches to the bone.
l’artrite psoriasicathe psoriatic arthritisNoun (f)C2
L’artrite psoriasica può precedere le placche sulla pelle.Psoriatic arthritis can come before the patches on the skin.
la sospensione graduale del cortisonethe gradual tapering of the steroidNoun (f)C2
La sospensione graduale del cortisone richiede pazienza.Gradual tapering of the steroid takes patience.
la protezione osseathe bone protectionNoun (f)C2
La protezione ossea accompagna ogni terapia prolungata.Bone protection goes with every long course of treatment.
la scelta condivisathe shared decisionNoun (f)C2
La scelta condivisa tiene conto della vita del paziente.A shared decision takes the patient’s life into account.
la funzionalità della manothe hand functionNoun (f)C2
La funzionalità della mano si misura con prove semplici.Hand function is measured with simple tests.
la terapia occupazionalethe occupational therapyNoun (f)C2
La terapia occupazionale insegna a proteggere le articolazioni.Occupational therapy teaches how to spare the joints.
la protesi articolarethe joint replacementNoun (f)C2
La protesi articolare arriva quando il dolore non cede più.A joint replacement comes when the pain no longer gives way.

Noun (m) (14)

Grammar for these: Definite article: il, lo, la · Indefinite article: un, uno

l’interessamento simmetricothe symmetrical involvementNoun (m)C2
L’interessamento simmetrico è un segno tipico.Symmetrical involvement is a typical sign.
il farmaco di fondothe disease-modifying drugNoun (m)C2
Il farmaco di fondo agisce sul decorso, non sul dolore del giorno.A disease-modifying drug acts on the course of the illness, not on the pain of the day.
il trattamento a obiettivothe treat-to-target approachNoun (m)C2
Il trattamento a obiettivo prevede controlli regolari.The treat-to-target approach calls for regular reviews.
l’indice di attività di malattiathe disease activity scoreNoun (m)C2
L’indice di attività di malattia guida la scelta successiva.The disease activity score guides the next choice.
il fattore reumatoidethe rheumatoid factorNoun (m)C2
Il fattore reumatoide può mancare anche in malattia attiva.The rheumatoid factor can be absent even when the disease is active.
l’anticorpo antipeptide citrullinatothe anti-citrullinated peptide antibodyNoun (m)C2
L’anticorpo antipeptide citrullinato compare anni prima dei sintomi.The anti-citrullinated peptide antibody appears years before the symptoms.
il cristallo di uratothe urate crystalNoun (m)C2
Il cristallo di urato si riconosce al microscopio.A urate crystal is recognised under the microscope.
l’attacco di gottathe acute attack of goutNoun (m)C2
L’attacco di gotta rende insopportabile anche il lenzuolo.An acute attack of gout makes even the bedsheet unbearable.
il lupusthe lupusNoun (m)C2
Il lupus può interessare la pelle, i reni e le articolazioni.Lupus can affect the skin, the kidneys and the joints.
l’anticorpo antinucleothe antinuclear antibodyNoun (m)C2
L’anticorpo antinucleo da solo non fa diagnosi.The antinuclear antibody on its own makes no diagnosis.
il metotrexatothe methotrexateNoun (m)C2
Il metotrexato si prende una volta alla settimana.Methotrexate is taken once a week.
l’acido folicothe folic acidNoun (m)C2
L’acido folico riduce gli effetti indesiderati.Folic acid reduces the unwanted effects.
il rischio infettivothe risk of infectionNoun (m)C2
Il rischio infettivo va spiegato prima di iniziare.The risk of infection has to be explained before starting.
lo screening preliminarethe preliminary screeningNoun (m)C2
Lo screening preliminare cerca infezioni nascoste.Preliminary screening looks for hidden infections.

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