B2 · The future
The futuro anteriore
« Will have finished » — and, unlike English, after « when » as well.
Two things in the future, one of them before the other: Quando avrai finito, ti chiamerò. Being finished comes first, and that is what the futuro anteriore is for: avere or essere in the futuro plus the participle.
English has the very same form — « I will have finished by eight » — and then forbids it after « when », where only « when you have finished » is possible. Italian requires the compound future there whenever the order of events is the point.
The second and commoner use is a guess about the past: Sarà arrivato ieri — « he must have arrived yesterday ».
The auxiliary follows the rules of the passato prossimo: essere for movement and change of state, and then the participle agrees.
Die Form
| I will have finished | avrò finito |
| she will have left | sarà partita |
| they will have understood | avranno capito |
| something must have happened | sarà successo qualcosa |
| after I have eaten | dopo che avrò mangiato |
| we will have arrived | saremo arrivati |
Die Regeln im Einzelnen
Formation: avere or essere in the futuro plus the participle.
Alle otto avrò finito.By eight I will have finished.
In the clause after quando, appena or dopo che, when it comes first.
Appena sarai arrivato, chiamami.As soon as you have arrived, call me.
As a guess about the past.
Avrà dimenticato l’appuntamento.He must have forgotten the appointment.
With essere the participle agrees.
Maria sarà già uscita.Maria will have gone out already.
Woran man es erkennt
- avrò
- sarà
- avranno
- quando
- dopo che
Beispielsätze
Quando avrete letto il contratto, firmate.When you have read the contract, sign it.
Tra un anno avrò imparato l’italiano.In a year I will have learnt Italian.
Non risponde. Sarà uscito.He is not answering. He must have gone out.
Avranno avuto un contrattempo.Something must have come up.
Die typisch deutsche Falle
Aufgepasst
The plain futuro in the subordinate says only that both things lie ahead, not which of them comes first. English hides the question rather than answering it: barred from « when I will have eaten », it says « when I have eaten » and lets the perfect carry the order. In Italian the order has to be built: dopo che avrò mangiato.
What is over before the other future takes the compound form.
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